Incidence and Predictors of Early and Late Radial Artery Occlusion after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Angiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Trans-radial access for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has gained popularity due to its advantages over the traditional transfemoral approach. However, radial artery occlusion (RAO) remains a common complication following trans-radial procedures. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of early and late RAO along with their risk factors. Methods: Six databases, Medline (Ovid), National Library of Medicine (MeSH), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley), Embase, Scopus, and Global Index Medicus, were searched. The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were extracted and analyzed. Using a random-effect model, the primary endpoint was the overall incidence of RAO after invasive coronary procedures. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were also performed to identify possible predictors of RAO. Results: A total of 41 studies with 30,020 patients were included. The overall incidence of RAO was 13% (95% CI = 0.09-0.16). The incidence of early RAO (within 24 h) was 14% (95% CI = 0.10-0.18) in 26 studies, while the incidence of late RAO (after 24 h) was 10% (95% CI = 0.04-0.16) in 22 studies. The average incidence rates of early RAO in studies with catheter sizes of <6 Fr, 6 Fr, and >6 Fr were 9.8%, 9.4%, and 8.8%. The overall effect size of female gender as a predictor was 0.22 with a 95% CI of 0.00-0.44. Age was a potential predictor of early RAO (B = 0.000357; 95% CI = -0.015-0.0027, p: 0.006). Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides essential information on the incidence of early (14%) and late (10%) RAO following angiographic procedures. Additionally, our findings suggest that female sex and age are possible predictors of RAO. A larger catheter, especially (6 Fr) and hemostatic compression time <90 min post-procedure, substantially reduced the incidence of RAO. The use of oral anticoagulation and the appropriate dosage of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) does reduce RAO, but a comparison between them showed no statistical significance.

Snuffbox distal transradial access (dTRA) for arteriovenous fistuloplasty in Singapore: Going distal is safe

AIM

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction resulting from stenosis or occlusion, is a prevalent issue in end-stage renal failure patients reliant on autogenous AVFs for dialysis. Recently, a distal transradial approach (dTRA) has emerged, offering advantages such as diminished access site complications, better patient comfort and reduced risk of radial artery occlusion. Our study seeks to assess the effectiveness, outcomes and complication rates of employing dTRA for arteriovenous fistuloplasty in Singaporean patients.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all dTRA fistuloplasties performed on dysfunctional or slow to mature AVFs from 2017 to 2023 in our institution was performed. Patients with a distal radial artery measuring 2 mm or more with no evidence of occlusion or thrombosis were included. Patients who required central venoplasty or cutting balloon angioplasty were excluded. Outcome measures included technical success, mean procedure duration, complications and post-intervention primary patency at 1, 3 and 6 months. Patients were followed up for 12 months post-intervention.

RESULTS

A total of 37 patients were included. 97.3% of patients undergoing dTRA fistuloplasty had radiocephalic fistulas while 2.7% had brachiobasilic fistulas. There was 100% technical success (defined as success in radial artery cannulation, sheath insertion and crossing of stenotic lesions) in our study as all patients successfully underwent fistuloplasty via dTRA approach. One-month patency rate was 97.4%, 3-month patency rate was 92.1% and 6-month patency rate was 86.8%. There were no immediate complications (haematoma, infection, bleeding, pseudoaneurysm, occlusion) of the radial artery post-intervention.

CONCLUSION

Our paper illustrates the safety and efficacy of utilising dTRA for arteriovenous fistuloplasty. This approach offers distinct benefits in addressing non-mature or dysfunctional distal forearm arteriovenous fistulas and should be taken into account in anatomically suitable cases.

Subcutaneous nitroglycerin increased the success rate of radial artery cannulation in women with gestational hypertension undergoing cesarean section : A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Radial artery cannulation helps to maintain the stability of maternal hemodynamics and reduce complications; however, it is difficult for women with gestational hypertension. Subcutaneous nitroglycerin was found to improve the first attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation in pediatric patients. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of subcutaneous nitroglycerin on the radial artery diameter and area, blood flow rate and the success rate of radial artery cannulation in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension.

METHODS

A total of 94 women with gestational hypertension and risk of intraoperative bleeding undergoing cesarean section were identified and randomized into the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group and control group. The primary outcome was the success rate of left radial artery cannulation within 3 min after subcutaneous injecting (T2). The puncture time, number of attempts, the overall complications, and ultrasonographic measurements including radial artery diameter, cross-sectional area and depth were also recorded before subcutaneous injection (T1), 3 min after subcutaneous injection (T2) and immediately after radial artery cannulation (T3).

RESULTS

The first attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation was significantly higher (97.9% vs. 76.6%, p = 0.004) and procedure time to success was significantly shorter (111 ± 18 s vs. 171 ± 70 s, p < 0.001) in the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group as compared to the control group. The subcutaneous nitroglycerin group also had a significantly less overall number of attempts as 1/2/3 attempts (n), 46/1/0 vs. 36/7/4 (p = 0.008). Compared with the control group, the diameter and cross-sectional area of radial artery increased significantly at the T2 and T3 points in the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group (p < 0.001), as well as percentage change of radial artery diameter and CSA. Vasospasm (6.4% vs. 31.9%; p = 0.003) was significantly lower in the subcutaneous nitroglycerin group; however, no difference was found in hematoma (2.1% vs. 12.8%; p = 0.111).

CONCLUSION

Subcutaneous nitroglycerin along with the routine local anesthetic preparation before radial artery cannulation increased the first attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation and decreased the overall number of cannulation attempts in women with gestational hypertension and risks of intraoperative bleeding undergoing cesarean section, it also decreased cannulation times and overall number of vasospasms.

Transradial intervention in dialysis patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a Japanese nationwide registry study

Aims

Transradial intervention (TRI) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is used to reduce periprocedural complications. However, its effectiveness and safety for patients on dialysis are not well established. We aimed to investigate the association of TRI with in-hospital complications in dialysis patients undergoing PCI.

Methods and results

We included 44 462 patients on dialysis who underwent PCI using Japanese nationwide PCI registry data (2019-21) regardless of acute or chronic coronary syndrome. Patients were categorized based on access site: TRI, transfemoral intervention (TFI). Periprocedural access site bleeding complication requiring transfusion was the primary outcome and in-hospital death, and other periprocedural complications were the secondary outcomes. Matched weighted analysis was performed for TRI and TFI. Here, 8267 (18.6%) underwent TRI, and 36 195 (81.4%) underwent TFI. Patients who received TRI were older and had lower rates of comorbidities than those who received TFI. Access site bleeding rate and in-hospital death were significantly lower in the TRI group (0.1% vs. 0.7%, P < 0.001; 1.8% vs. 3.2%, P < 0.001, respectively). After adjustment, TRI was associated with a lower risk of access site bleeding (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.19 [0.099-0.38]; P < 0.001) and in-hospital death (OR [95% CI]: 0.79 [0.65-0.96]; P = 0.02). Other periprocedural complications between TRI and TFI were not significantly different.

Conclusion

In patients undergoing dialysis and PCI, TRI had a lower risk of access site bleeding and in-hospital death than TFI. This suggests that TRI may be safer for this patient population.

Expert systematic review on the choice of conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting: endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)

PREAMBLE

The finalized document was endorsed by the EACTS Council and STS Executive Committee before being simultaneously published in the European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery (EJCTS) and The Annals of Thoracic Surgery (The Annals) and the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (JTCVS).

Radial artery occlusion after transradial procedures: impact on 1-year adverse events

BACKGROUND

Radial artery occlusion after transradial procedures is a frequent iatrogenic thrombotic process. The impact on prognosis has not been investigated. This study sought to investigate whether radial artery occlusion is related to increased risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, defined as death, myocardial infarction, stroke and coronary revascularization.

METHODS

Eight hundred thirty-seven consecutive patients who underwent a transradial coronary procedure had patency of radial artery checked at 24 hours. Radial artery occlusion occurred in 41 over 837 patients (4.8%); 764 (91.2%) were available for planned follow-up at 1 year and were included in the analysis. Event-free survival rate between patients with and without radial artery occlusion was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to identify independent risk factors.

RESULTS

At a median 370-day follow-up (IQR: 366-375 days), adverse events occurred in 37 patients (4.8%), 2 in patients with radial artery occlusion and 35 in patients without. One-year survival rate was 94.9% vs. 95% (unadjusted HR=1.026, 95% CI: 0.24 to 4.6, P=0.9). After multivariable modeling, age and coronary artery disease extension was associated with increased risk of adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Age and coronary artery disease extension were independent predictors of adverse events at follow-up. RAO had no prognostic impact.

Preventing and Managing Radial Artery Occlusion following Transradial Procedures: Strategies and Considerations

Τransradial artery access has recently gained widespread acceptance as the preferred approach for coronary angiography and interventions, due to its lower incidence of bleeding and vascular complications compared to transfemoral access. However, thrombotic occlusion of the radial artery has emerged as the most common complication of this method, impeding its use in future interventions, and in the creation of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis patients, or as a graft for coronary artery bypasses grafting. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the anatomy of the radial artery, the pathophysiology and diagnosis of radial artery occlusion, the identification of potential risk factors and, finally, prevention and treatment strategies. We acknowledge that distal transradial access provides an effective alternative for coronary angiography and catheterizations, with a reduced incidence of radial artery occlusion.

Cocoa flavanol supplementation preserves early and late radial artery function after transradial catheterization

Background: The transradial approach for coronary angiography is associated with fewer complications and preferred over the femoral approach. Injury to the radial artery (RA) endothelium elicits intimal hyperplasia, possibly resulting in total occlusion and limb functional decline. Flavanols are known to improve endothelial function. Effects on arterial remodeling after mechanical injury are unknown. Objective: To investigate the effects of cocoa flavanols on (a) intimal hyperplasia and (b) endothelial functional recovery after mechanical vascular wall injury through transradial coronary angiography (TCA). Methods: Primary endpoint in this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was RA intima-media thickness (IMT) after 6 months follow-up (FU). Secondary endpoints were RA flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and fractional diameter change (Fdc). Further luminal diameter and circulating endothelial microparticles (EMP) were assessed. Thirty-six male patients undergoing elective TCA were included. Flavanol or matched placebo supplementation started 7 days prior TCA (cocoa flavanol 1000 mg day^-1) for 14 days. Four measurements spanned three periods over 6-moths-FU. Results: TCA induced sustained intimal hyperplasia in the placebo-, but not in the flavanol-group (IMT 0.44 ± 0.01 vs. 0.37 ± 0.01 mm, p = 0.01). FMD decreased after TCA in both groups, but recovered to baseline after 6 months in the flavanol group only. Fdc acutely decreased, EMPs increased in the placebo-, not in the flavanol -group. Luminal diameter remained unchanged in both groups. Conclusion: Peri-interventional cocoa flavanol supplementation prevents long-term intima media thickening and endothelial dysfunction 6 months after TCA opening the perspective for dietary interventions to mitigate endothelial cell damage and intimal hyperplasia after mechanical injury.

Do We Still Need to Assess Post-procedural Radial Artery Compression Time and Radial Artery Occlusion in Patients Who Undergo Transradial Coronary Intervention?

Background and objective Transradial access (TRA) for interventional coronary procedures has now been widely accepted as the preferred vascular site approach. The duration of post-procedure compression has been shown to be a crucial factor and different hemostatic devices used in this regard have been compared. In this study, we aimed to compare the post-procedure compression time, radial artery occlusion (RAO), hematoma, and bleeding between the transradial (TR) band and AIR band for radial artery patency among patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Methodology This observational study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology of Mohammed Bin Khalifa Bin Sulman Al Khalifa Specialist Cardiac Centre, Awali, Bahrain from 06/03/2022 to 05/06/2022. The research involved patients of either gender who had a positive Barbeau test (type A to C) and were receiving percutaneous coronary intervention via a transradial route. Patients who underwent transradial coronary intervention were classified into two separate groups, depending on whether an AIR band (group A) or a TR band (group B) compression was used. Following coronary catheterization, radial hemostatic compression devices were used. The results were documented both during and after the hemostatic compression. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Of the total 100 patients included in the study, the majority were males (86%) and aged more than 50 years (83%). AIR band was successfully removed in 32 patients (64%) in less than four hours, compared to the TR band, which was removed in less than four hours in two patients (4%) only (p=0.001). The incidences of bleeding (p=0.790) and RAO (p=0.495) were similar between the AIR band group and the TR band group. Hematoma was not seen in any of the patients in either group. Conclusion AIR band was observed to be more efficacious in decreasing the radial artery compression time. However, the difference in RAO was insignificant in the short term, and follow-up studies are required to see if the AIR band is associated with any long-term benefits.

Ultrasound-guided distal transradial access for cardiac catheterization: Technical notes for the interventionalist

Over the latest years, the use of distal radial access (dTRA), also called "snuffbox," has become more and more popular for cardiac catheterization. Indeed, dTRA has several advantages compared to the traditional proximal radial approach, such as a lower risk of hand ischemia, radial artery occlusion (RAO) and faster post-procedural hemostasis. However, due to the presence of different muscular-skeletal structures, as well as to the small diameter of the distal radial artery (dRA), an ultrasound-guided cannulation would be preferred since a blind puncture increases the risk of tendon damage and/or the irritation of the underlying periosteum. The present article is aimed to provide the key tips for performing US-guided access using the dRA in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiac procedures.

Comparison of spasmolytic regimen for prevention of radial artery spasm during the distal radial approach: A single-center, randomized study

Background

The distal radial approach (DRA) for coronary catheterization is increasingly being used worldwide yet the optimal medication regimen to prevent radial artery spasm (RAS), an important factor for the success of the procedure, remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of medication for preventing RAS via the DRA.

Methods

This was a prospective, comparative randomized study including 400 patients who underwent coronary catheterization via DRA in single center by three experienced DRA operators. Patients were randomized to either nitroglycerin (NTG) injection (N = 200) or NTG plus verapamil (N = 200) to compare the effectiveness and safety of these regimens.

Results

There were no differences between the groups in the changes in radial artery diameter at most spastic area (0.34 ± 0.20 in the NTG group, 0.35 ± 0.20 in the NTG plus verapamil group; P = 0.73). There was no difference between the groups in the ratio of patients without arm pain during the procedure (95.0% in the NTG group, 93.5% in the NTG plus verapamil group; P = 0.67). However, there was a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure in the NTG plus verapamil group (-8.3 ± 7.9 mmHg) than in the NTG group (-6.6 ± 7.6 mmHg) (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Intra-arterial injection of NTG as a single agent is effective and safe in the prevention of RAS during coronary catheterization via the DRA compared with a cocktail regimen of NTG plus verapamil.

Clinical trial registration

https://cris.nih.go.kr, identifier KCT0005177.

The efficacy of nitroglycerin to prevent radial artery spasm and occlusion during and after transradial catheterization: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Radial artery spasm (RAS) is the most common cause of transradial access site crossover and is a common intra-procedural complication. RAS incidence can lead to radial artery occlusion (RAO) postprocedure, preventing the radial artery as a future access site. We evaluated the efficacy of nitroglycerin preventing RAS and RAO during transradial catheterization discussing the different routes of administration, including topical, subcutaneous, and intra-arterial. A systematic review and meta-analysis included all relevant articles until April 23, 2022. We searched six databases Google Scholar, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE, PubMed (MEDLINE), and CENTRAL. We registered our review protocol in PROSPERO with ID: CRD42022330356. We included 11 trials with 5814 patients. Compared to placebo, the pooled analysis favored subcutaneous nitroglycerin in preventing RAS (risk ratio [RR]: 0.57 with 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.43-0.77], p = .0003) and RAO (RR: 0.39 with 95% CI [0.16-0.98], p = .05). In contrast to the intra-arterial nitroglycerin that showed nonstatistically significant results in preventing RAS and RAO (RR: 0.8 with 95% CI [0.63-1.02], p = .07)- (RR: 0.78 with 95% CI [0.6-1.01], p = .06)), respectively. Also, topical nitroglycerin did not prevent RAS (RR: 0.73 with 95% CI [0.42-1.24], p = .24). Compared with placebo, subcutaneous nitroglycerin during transradial catheterization reduced the incidence of RAS and RAO. Meanwhile, Intra-arterial and topical nitroglycerin did not show statistically significant outcomes. Subcutaneous nitroglycerin may be a practical and cost-effective technique to facilitate transradial catheterization; however, more RCTs are needed to evaluate the subcutaneous versus intra-arterial nitroglycerin administration.

Median nerve block increases the success rate of radial artery cannulation in women with gestational hypertension undergoing cesarean section

Background

The radial artery cannulation helps to maintain the stability of maternal hemodynamics and reduce complications, however, it is difficult for women with gestational hypertension. Ultrasound-guided median nerve block can cause arterial vasodilation, which may improve the success rate of radial artery cannulation.

Methods

Ninety-two women with gestational hypertension and risks of intra-operative bleeding undergoing cesarean section following failed ultrasound-guided cannulation were identified and randomized into the median nerve block group and control group. Median nerve block was performed under the guidance of ultrasound in the middle forearm and 5 ml of 0.5% lidocaine was injected. Subcutaneous local block was administered in the control group. The ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation was performed ten minutes after blocking. Baseline measurements (T1) were performed after 10 minutes of rest. All variables were measured again at 10 (T2) and 30 (T3) minutes after median nerve block or local block. The primary outcome was the success rate of radial artery cannulation within 10 minutes after blocking. The puncture time, number of attempts, the overall complications, and ultrasonographic measurements including radial artery diameter and cross-sectional area were recorded before (T1), 10 minutes (T2) after, and 30 minutes (T3) after block.

Results

A total of 92 pregnant women were identified and completed the follow-up. As compared to control group, the first-attempt success rate of radial artery cannulation was significantly higher (95.7% vs78.3%, p = 0.027) and procedure time to success was significantly shorter (118 ± 19 s vs 172 ± 66 s, p < 0.001) in median nerve group. Median nerve group also had a significantly less overall number of attempts (p = 0.024). Compared with control group, the diameter and cross-sectional area of radial artery increased significantly at the T2 and T3 points in median nerve group (p < 0.001), as well as percentage change of radial artery diameter and CSA. No difference was observed in the overall complication at chosen radial artery, which including vasospasm (21.7% vs 28.3%; p = 0.470) and hematoma (4.3% vs 8.7%; p = 0.677).

Conclusions

Ultrasound-guided median nerve block can increase the first-attempt success rate of chosen radial artery cannulation in women with gestational hypertension and risks of intra-operative bleeding undergoing cesarean section following failed radial artery cannulation, and especially for those anesthesiologists with less experienced in radial artery cannulation.

Trial registration

ChiCTR2100052862; http://www.chictr.org.cn, Principal investigator: MEN, Date of registration: 06/11/2021.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12871-022-01793-4.

Feasibility of Outpatient Transradial Prostatic Artery Embolization and Safety of a Shortened Deflation Protocol for Hemostasis

Background: to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a shorter time to hemostasis applied to outpatient transradial (TR) Prostatic Artery Embolization (PAE). Methods: a retrospective bi-institutional study was conducted between July 2018 and April 2022 on 300 patients treated by outpatient TR PAE. Indications included lower urinary tract symptoms, acute urinary retention, and hematuria. Mean patient height was 176 ± 6.3 (158–192) cm. The primary endpoint was safety of a 45 min deflation protocol for hemostasis. The secondary endpoint was the feasibility of PAE using TR access. Results: technical success was 98.7% (296/300). There was one failure due to patient height. Mean DAP/fluoroscopy times were 16,225 ± 12,126.3 (2959–81,608) μGy·m²/35 ± 14.7 (11–97) min, and mean time to discharge was 80 ± 6 (75–90) min. All access site and embolization-related adverse events were minor. Mild hematoma occurred in 10% (30/300), radial artery occlusion (RAO) in 10/300 (3.3%) cases, and history of smoking was a predictor for RAO. There was no major event. Conclusion: the safety of TR PAE using a 45 min time to hemostasis was confirmed, and TR PAE is feasible in most cases. Radial artery occlusion was still observed and may be favored by smoking.

Radial Artery Access Complications: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management

The transradial approach for cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, and percutaneous intervention is associated with a lower risk of access site-related complications compared to the transfemoral approach. However, with increasing utilization of transradial access for not only coronary procedures but also peripheral vascular procedures, healthcare personnel are more likely to encounter radial access site complications, which can be associated with morbidity and mortality. There is significant heterogeneity in the reporting of incidence, manifestations, and management of radial access site complications, at least partly due to vague presentation and under-diagnosis. Therefore, physicians performing procedures via transradial access should be aware of possible complications and remain vigilant to prevent their occurrence. Intraprocedural complications of transradial access procedures, which include spasm, catheter kinking, and arterial dissection or perforation, may lead to patient discomfort, increased procedure time, and a higher rate of access site cross over. Post-procedural complications such as radial artery occlusion, hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or nerve injury could lead to patient discomfort and limb dysfunction. When radial access site complications occur, comprehensive evaluation and prompt treatment is necessary to reduce long-term consequences. In this report, we review the incidence, clinical factors, and management strategies for radial access site complications associated with cardiac catheterization.

Frequency and Predictors of Radial Artery Occlusion in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background and objective

Transradial access (TRA) has become the preferred route for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), and this site is often a chink in the armor for staged PCI. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and predictors of radial artery occlusion (RAO) after TRA.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study involving 1,307 patients who underwent PCI at the Tabba Heart Institute (THI) in Karachi, Pakistan from August 2018 to June 2019. TR band was used for hemostasis after PCI.

Results

The primary outcome of our study was RAO, which was observed in 11.3% of the study subjects. On multivariate analysis, female gender [odds ratio (OR): 1.79, 95% CI: 1.21-2.64], cardiovascular instability (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.22-5.11), dyslipidemia (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.4-0.92), and a higher number of diseased vessels were found to be predictors of RAO (p=0.004).

Conclusion

RAO is often an asymptomatic complication of TRA. To ensure radial artery patency, a carefully thought-out management plan and follow-up must be devised for high-risk patients.

Randomized Clinical Trial on Prevention of Radial Occlusion After Transradial Access Using Nitroglycerin: PATENS Trial

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether administration of nitroglycerin at the beginning or end of a transradial approach (TRA) procedure would preserve radial patency.

BACKGROUND

The TRA is becoming the preferred vascular access route in coronary interventions. Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is the most frequent complication. Routine vasodilator treatment aims to reduce spasm and possibly prevent RAO.

METHODS

The authors designed a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 2-by-2 factorial, placebo-controlled trial encompassing patients undergoing the TRA. Patients were randomized to either 500 μg nitroglycerin or placebo; each arm was also subrandomized to early (upon sheath insertion) or late (right before sheath removal) nitroglycerin administration to evaluate the superiority of nitroglycerin in the prevention of RAO with 24 hours on Doppler ultrasound.

RESULTS

A total of 2,040 patients were enrolled. RAO occurred in 49 patients (2.4%). Fifteen of these patients (30.6%) showed re-establishment of flow at 30 days. Nitroglycerin, compared with placebo, did not reduce the risk for RAO at either of the 2 time points (early, 2.5% vs 2.3% [P = 0.66]; late, 2.3% vs 2.5% [P = 0.66]). By multivariable analysis, the presence of spasm (OR: 3.53; 95% CI: 1.87-6.65; P < 0.001) and access achieved with more than 1 puncture attempt (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.43-4.66; P = 0.002) were independent predictors of RAO.

CONCLUSIONS

The routine use of nitroglycerin was not associated with a reduction in the rate of RAO, regardless of the time of administration (at the beginning or end of the TRA procedure).

Radial artery occlusion after conventional and distal radial access: Impact of preserved flow and time-to-hemostasis in a propensity-score matching analysis of 1163 patients

OBJECTIVES

To compare incidence of forearm radial artery occlusion (RAO) and hemostasis characteristics between distal and conventional transradial approach (DRA and TRA, respectively).

BACKGROUND

DRA has the potential advantage of reducing RAO. DRA effectively reduces time-to-hemostasis, however its role on preserving flow in the radial artery (PF) during hemostasis and consequent impact on RAO remains speculative.

METHODS

Eight hundred thirty-seven patients with TRA were previously enrolled in a prospective registry investigating the relationship of residual anticoagulation and RAO. Three hundred twenty-six additional patients with DRA were added to the cohort and matched to the original cohort by propensity score. The composite end-point of RAO at forearm and distal site of puncture (dRAO) was evaluated as secondary end-point.

RESULTS

RAO occurred in 4.8% (41 of 837) of patients undergoing TRA and in 0% (0 of 326) of those undergoing DRA (p < 0.0001). DRA was associated with higher percentage of PF (97.2% vs. 78.5% in TRA group, p < 0.0001) and reduced time-to-hemostasis (147 ± 99 min vs. 285 ± 138 min, p < 0.0001). After matching, hemostasis characteristics were still significant different (PF 95.7% vs. 90.1%, p = 0.023, and 190 ± 92 vs. 323 ± 162 min, p < 0.0001) with reduction in the incidence of RAO (0 of 213, 0% vs. 7 of 213, 3.3%, p = 0.0015). dRAO occurred in one case (0.3% and 0.5% after matching, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.032 compared to TRA).

CONCLUSIONS

DRA was associated with lower rates of RAO compared to TRA. This effect is potentially explained by reduced time-to-hemostasis and maintained flow at the wrist during hemostasis.

Novel oral anticoagulants in the treatment of radial artery occlusion

Transradial access of the vascular system for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention has become the primary approach in several cardiac catheterization laboratories across the world. The paradigm shift from transfemoral access has been driven by improved outcomes in patients undergoing these cardiac procedures by transradial access. Radial artery occlusion is the most common vascular complication of transradial coronary procedures. Only a few studies have reported on the optimal treatment of radial artery occlusion, with ulnar artery compression and anticoagulation, especially with low-molecular-weight heparin, having shown the best results. In this case series, four patients who were found to have evidence of post-cardiac catheterization radial artery occlusion on ultrasound imaging were treated with a 30-day course of apixaban. Three of the four patients showed complete resolution of radial artery occlusion with addition of apixaban to current standard therapeutic strategies. This case series shows that treatment with novel oral anticoagulants can be an alternative and more convenient option compared to subcutaneous injection of low-molecular heparin for anticoagulation in patients with post-coronary angiography radial artery occlusion.

Anatomical snuff box approach for percutaneous coronary interventions - Current status

Anatomical snuff box or distal radial artery approach for various percutaneous coronary angiograms and interventions has gained increased interest in recent years. The main advantage is the ergonomic comfort to the patient as it allows the patient's arm to be in more natural position. The safety and feasibility of this novel approach has been studied in past few years but still the data is limited and the distal radial artery approach has not been included in the guidelines. The present review focuses on the latest evidence, technique, advantages and disadvantages of this distal radial artery access.

Ultrasound-guided arterial catheterization

Ultrasonography facilitates arterial catheterization compared to traditional palpation techniques, especially in small arteries. For successful catheterization without complications, practitioners should be familiar with the anatomic characteristics of the artery and ultrasound-guided techniques. There are two approaches for ultrasound-guided arterial catheterization: the short-axis view out-of-plane approach and the long-axis view in-plane approach. There are several modified techniques and tips to facilitate ultrasound-guided arterial catheterization. This review deals with the anatomy relevant to arterial catheterization, several methods to improve success rates, and decrease complications associated with arterial catheterization.

Safe and rapid radial hemostasis achieved using a novel topical hemostatic patch: Results of a first-in-human pilot study using hydrophobically modified polysaccharide-chitosan

BACKGROUND

The transradial approach (TRA) for catheter interventions decreases vascular complications and bleeding versus transfemoral approach. Reducing time to hemostasis and preventing radial artery occlusion (RAO) following TRA are important and incompletely realized aspirations.

OBJECTIVES

This first-in-human study sought to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, topically applied compound (hydrophobically modified polysaccharide-chitosan, hm-P) plus minimal required pneumatic compression, to achieve rapid radial arterial hemostasis in post-TRA procedures compared with de facto standards.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

About 50 adult patients undergoing 6 French diagnostic TRA procedures were prospectively enrolled. At procedure completion, a topical hm-P impregnated patch was placed over the dermotomy and TR Band (TRB) compression was applied to the access site. This patch was used as part of a novel rapid deflation protocol with a primary outcome of time to hemostasis. Photographic and vascular ultrasound evaluation of the radial artery was performed to evaluate the procedural site.

RESULTS

Time to hemostasis was 40.5 min (IQR: 38-50 min) with the majority of patients (n = 39, 78%) not requiring reinflation. Patients with bleeding requiring TRB reinflation were more likely to have low body weight and liver dysfunction, with absence of hypertension and LV dysfunction. The rate of RAO was 0% with predischarge radial artery patency documented in all patients using vascular ultrasound. One superficial hematoma was noted. No late bleeding events or cutaneous reactions were reported in the study follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Topical application of hm-P in conjunction with pneumatic compression was safe and resulted in rapid and predictable hemostasis at the arterial puncture site.

Transradial artery access for percutaneous cardiovascular procedures: state of the art and future directions

The transradial access (TRA) for cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been widely adopted in the last decades since its first description in the late 40s. The transradial approach has been associated with favorable outcomes as compared with transfemoral access (TFA) in several registries and randomized clinical trials, mainly due to the lower incidence of access-site bleedings, vascular complications and improved patient comfort. This review aimed to summarize the body of evidence supporting the use of TRA, to discuss clinical implications, possible technical limitations and future directions, such as the implementation of TRA as the primary access for complex procedures and structural interventions.

A comparative assessment of Dorsal radial artery access versus classical radial artery access for percutaneous coronary angiography-a randomized control trial (DORA trial)

OBJECTIVES

This is an open-label randomized control trial with a parallel assignment with single masking comparing patients undergoing coronary angiography via dorsal radial and classical radial access.

METHODS

Study done at three tertiary cardiac care centers for two years. A total of 970 patients were finally recruited for the study. Patients were randomly selected for dorsal radial artery access Group A (485 patients) and classical radial artery access Group B (485 patients) without any bias for age & sex.

RESULTS

On comparative assessment both techniques are found to be equal in terms of procedural success rate. While dorsal access was superior in terms of fewer incidences of forearm radial artery occlusion, radial artery spasm, less post-procedure persistence of pain, and hand clumsiness. In comparison to this, the number of puncture attempts and time to achieve post-procedure hemostasis is less in classical radial access.

CONCLUSION

So both techniques have pros and coins and it is the discretion of interventionists to adopt which technique.

Transradial access for arteriovenous fistuloplasty in Singapore

BACKGROUND

Endovascular balloon angioplasty is standard therapy for dysfunctional arteriovenous fistula in end-stage renal failure patients on hemodialysis. Venous antegrade or retrograde puncture of the fistula is typically performed to gain access for fistuloplasty. Transradial approach for brachiocephalic or brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistulas offers an alternative method of access with the advantage of addressing multi-focal juxta-anastomotic and venous stenosis from the same approach. We aim to review the efficacy, outcomes and complication rates of transradial access for arteriovenous fistuloplasty among patients in Singapore.

METHODS

A retrospective review of 195 endovascular fistuloplasties from September 2017 to August 2019, at a tertiary university hospital Vascular Surgery unit.

RESULTS

Of 195 fistuloplasties, 43 (22%) were transradial approach (23 brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas, 20 brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistulas) in 33 patients (67% male and mean age = 65 years). Of these 43 procedures, 11 (26%) were performed as balloon-assisted maturation fistuloplasties while 32 (74%) were performed for mature arteriovenous fistulas with multi-focal juxta-anastomosis and venous stenosis. Technical success rate was 95% with mean procedure duration at 43.5 ± 14.6 min. Mean pre- and post-fistuloplasty dialysis access flow rates increased from 502 to 952 ml/min (p < 0.001). Post-intervention primary patency was 100%, 66% and 20% at 1, 6 and 12 months, respectively. There were four patients with non-limb-threatening radial artery thrombosis (9.3%) while there was no radial artery pseudoaneurysm or post-procedural bleeding.

CONCLUSION

Transradial approach for arteriovenous fistuloplasty is a safe and feasible option in patients requiring balloon-assisted maturation or with multi-focal juxta-anastomotic and venous stenosis.

Short Durations of Radial Hemostatic Device After Diagnostic Transradial Cardiac Catheterization: The PRACTICAL-2 Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is the most common complication following transradial approach (TRA) for cardiac catheterisation. Our aim was to assess if decreasing radial hemostatic device (RHD) time reduces the risk of RAO among individuals receiving small sheath sizes with no adjunctive heparin.

METHODS

We randomised 450 individuals undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization via TRA to 3 durations of RHD time: 10, 20, or 30 minutes. After these time periods, the RHD was gradually released over 20 minutes. The primary efficacy end point was forearm hematoma grade ≥ 2 (5-10 cm) and the primary safety end point was RAO (as determined by Doppler ultrasound) 1 hour after RHD removal (before discharge).

RESULTS

The mean age was 66 years and 64% were male. Five-French sheaths were used in all patients. Hematoma grade ≥ 2 occurred in only 1 patient, who was in the 20-minute group (P = 0.39). RAO occurred in 6.7% of patients in the 10-minute group, 10.7% in the 20-minute group and 6% in the 30-minute group (P = 0.26).

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients receiving small-caliber sheaths without adjunctive heparin, the incidence of forearm hematoma and RAO are low. Shorter durations of RHD time did not further reduce the risk of these complications.

Subcutaneous Nitroglycerin for Radial Arterial Catheterization in Pediatric Patients

Background

Pediatric radial artery cannulation is challenging because of the small vessel size. Nitroglycerin is a potent vasodilator and facilitates radial artery cannulation by increasing the internal diameter and preventing the vasospasm in adult patients. The authors hypothesize that subcutaneous nitroglycerin injection will improve the success rate of pediatric radial artery cannulation.

Methods

This double-blind, randomized, controlled, single-center study enrolled pediatric patients (n = 113, age less than 2 yr) requiring radial artery cannulation during general anesthesia. The participants were randomized into the nitroglycerin group (n = 57) or control group (n = 56). After inducing general anesthesia, nitroglycerin solution (5 μg/kg in 0.5 ml), or normal saline (0.5 ml) was subcutaneously injected above the chosen radial artery over 10 s with ultrasound guidance. Three minutes later, the ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation was performed. Radial artery diameter was measured before and after the subcutaneous injection and after cannulation. The primary outcome was the first-attempt successful cannulation rate. The secondary outcomes included the diameter of the radial artery and the overall complication rate including hematoma and vasospasm.

Results

A total of 113 children were included in the analysis. The nitroglycerin group had a higher first-attempt success rate than the control group (91.2% [52 of 57] vs. 66.1% [37 of 56]; P = 0.002; odds ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.83 to 15.6; absolute risk reduction, –25.2%; 95% CI, –39.6 to –10.7%). Subcutaneous nitroglycerin injection increased the diameter of the radial artery greater than normal saline (25.0 ± 19.5% vs. 1.9 ± 13.1%; 95% CI of mean difference, 16.9 to 29.3%; P &lt; 0.001). Overall complication rate was lower in the nitroglycerin group than in the control group (3.5% [2 of 57] vs. 31.2% [18 of 56]; P = 0.001; odds ratio, 0.077; 95% CI, 0.017 to 0.350; absolute risk reduction, 28.6%; 95% CI, 15.5 to 41.8%).

Conclusions

Subcutaneous nitroglycerin injection before radial artery cannulation improved the first-attempt success rate and reduced the overall complication rates in pediatric patients.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

[Radial artery occlusion ofter coronarography: is it really a problem?]

The use of transradial access for cardiac procedures has increased worldwide over the past two decades. Despite the many advantages this technique offers, there remains some concern that radial artery occlusion, a potential complication of radial cannulation, might lead to significant ischemic sequelae in the hand. This paper reviews the major causes, its possible consequences and the strategies for its prevention and treatment. It appears however from multiple studies that there is little or no correlation between radial occlusion and symptomatic hand ischemia.

Nonfemoral Arterial Hemostasis Following Percutaneous Intervention Using a Focused Compression Device

Purpose

Upper extremity and tibiopedal arterial access are increasingly used during endovascular therapies. Balloon compression hemostasis devices in these anatomic locations have been described, but most utilize a compression surface extending well beyond the puncture site. We report single-center experience with an arterial puncture-focused compression device following upper extremity and tibiopedal access.

Patients and Methods

A series of 249 focused compression hemostasis devices (VasoStat, Forge Medical, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA) were used in 209 patients following lower extremity (n = 63) and upper extremity (n = 186; radial: 90%) arterial access procedures using 4–7 French sheaths. Demographic, operative, and follow-up data were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate potential association between patient/operative variables and time to hemostasis.

Results

Primary hemostasis was achieved in 97.2% (242/249) following sheath removal; in 7 cases (2.8%) puncture site oozing occurred after initial device removal and required reapplication. Secondary hemostasis was 100% (249/249). Seven complications (2.8%) were recorded: 5 minor hematomas (2%) and 2 transient access artery occlusions (0.8%). Mean time to hemostasis enabling device removal was 55 ± 28 min. Elevated body mass index (BMI) was not associated with increased time to hemostasis (p = 0.31). Accessed artery, sheath size, and heparin dose were also not associated with time to hemostasis (p = 0.64; p = 0.74; p = 0.75, respectively).

Conclusions

The focused compression hemostasis device enabled rapid hemostasis with a low complication rate. Time to hemostasis was independent of BMI, access site, sheath size, or heparin dose.

Update on complications and their management during transradial cardiac catheterization

Introduction: Transradial artery access (TRA) was introduced in 1989 and has been universally used as an alternative approach to the traditional transfemoral access (TFA). Complications of TRA include asymptomatic and less likely symptomatic radial artery occlusion, nonocclusive radial artery injury, radial artery spasm, radial arterial perforation, radial artery pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, granuloma formation, access-site bleeding, nerve damage, complex regional pain syndrome along with other rare complications.Areas covered: A literature search was performed using MedLine, PubMed, and Google Scholar (dating to 1 May 2019). Authors reviewed all articles related to transradial artery catheterization, its complications, as well as novel techniques for their management. The article provides insight on the incidence, risk factors, and prevention of such complications along with a description of usual and newer techniques to decrease morbidity.Expert opinion: With increasing experience, TRA complication rate is decreasing and new very uncommon complications are being described. A 'radial first' approach should be implemented in all catheterization laboratories and a physician's familiarity with minor and major complications is a must. Distal radial artery access through the snuff box might be the preferred site of accessing the radial artery and further studies will be needed to prove its superiority to the current access site.

Expedited TR Band Removal for Transradial Approach for Noncoronary Visceral Procedures: Initial Experience

PURPOSE

For transradial interventions, most published studies report an initial Terumo Radial (TR) band placement time of 60 minutes, with gradual deflation over 30 to 90 minutes. We aimed to determine, retrospectively, whether TR band removal time could be expedited to 45 to 60 minutes, without adverse effects via an expedited single-step deflation protocol.

METHODS

A total of 115 consecutive noncoronary visceral interventions that utilized TR band from September 2017 till February 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Alternative single-step deflation protocol was utilized where the nursing staff was instructed to deflate the TR band in 1 step between 45 and 60 minutes; 79 patients (43 men, 36 women, mean age of 55.3 ± 13.6 years) underwent 115 transradial interventions. Mean procedure time was 49.8 ± 22.1 minutes, and mean fluoroscopy time was 18.5 ± 10.6 minutes. Data collected included patient demographics, procedure details, and nursing notes on complications including bleeding and reinflation of the TR band. Univariate and Multivariate analyses of independent variables were performed using a binary logistic regression model. All patients were followed up postoperatively before discharge and in clinic upon follow-up.

RESULTS

The TR band was deflated at 51.3 ± 14.5 minutes, with successful removal achieved on the first attempt in 103 cases (90.3% primary technical success rate). In 12 cases, bleeding was noted upon initial deflation, secondary technical success was achieved when the band was reinflated for an additional mean time of 37.0 ± 19.1 minutes. There was 1 incidence of radial artery occlusion (0.8%) and 1 incidence of a grade 1 hematoma (0.8%). The only variable predictive of technical outcome upon initial band deflation on univariate binomial logistic regression was initial TR band removal time (P = .019).

CONCLUSIONS

A single-step deflation protocol for TR band placement may be safe for nonocclusive patent hemostasis and may translate to even further shorten postprocedural hospital times for patients and cost savings for hospitals.

Benefits of pressure-controlled hemostasis for transradial vascular access: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Transradial vascular access is widely used due to advantages such as facile hemostasis and reduced bed rest time. Accordingly, several hemostatic devices have been introduced for transradial vascular access. However, the pain caused by hemostatic compression has not yet been resolved. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal compression pressure to minimize pain at the hemostasis site without increasing complications after transradial catheterization.

METHODS

A total of 86 patients who underwent transradial catheterization from November 2014 to March 2015 were prospectively enrolled in this study. In group I (N.=42), the radial arteries were compressed by adjusting the air volume to reach systolic blood pressure plus 20 mmHg. For group II (N.=44), "conventional hemostasis" was performed by injecting a fixed volume (15 mL) of air into the air bag of the TR band. Complications, including pain, rebleeding, hematoma, and radial artery occlusion, were compared between the two groups. In addition, the pain level at the hemostasis site was assessed using a visual analog scale.

RESULTS

The visual analog scale of group I was significantly lower than that of group II (1.548±1.549 vs. 2.466±1.682, P=0.01 at application; 1.202±1.700 vs. 2.818±2.060, P<0.001 at removal). The other complications were not significantly different between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to conventional hemostasis, pressure-controlled hemostasis with systolic blood pressure plus 20 mmHg significantly reduced pain at the hemostasis site after transradial vascular access without increasing the incidence of other complications.

Analysis of Subjective and Objective Screening Techniques as Predictors of Safety for Radial Artery Intervention

BACKGROUND

There is no currently accepted standard in safety evaluation for radial artery intervention. We sought to compare the accuracy of various subjective and objective screening techniques in predicting safety for radial artery intervention.

METHODS

Fifty-four patients in a prospective cohort study at a single institution underwent subjective Allen's test, objective Barbeau test, and several objective hand ultrasound techniques to assess safety for radial artery intervention. These results were then compared to the gold standard of conventional hand angiography to document complete palmar arch. Statistical analysis including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values, and accuracy were calculated.

RESULTS

Compared to hand angiography, the subjective Allen's test and the objective Princeps Pollicis Artery ultrasound demonstrated the comparable levels of sensitivity (100% vs. 96.7%, respectively), specificity (100% vs. 100%, respectively), and accuracy (97.2% vs. 97.1%, respectively). The objective Barbeau test demonstrated similar results (sensitivity of 100%, accuracy of 98.2%) with the exception of a lower specificity (50%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is no currently accepted standard in safety evaluation for radial artery intervention. However, preliminary data suggest that certain subjective and objective techniques such as Allen's testing, Princeps Pollicis artery ultrasound, and Barbeau testing are comparable options in predicting palmar arch patency.

Complications of Transradial Catheterization and Cannulation

Transradial catheterization and cannulation are typically well-tolerated procedures, but they are associated with various vascular, infectious, and orthopedic complications. Potential complications include radial artery occlusion, hematoma formation, radial artery laceration, pseudoaneurysm, abscess formation, and compartment syndrome. Hand surgeons are commonly consulted to treat such complications. We review recent evidence available to guide decisions about nonsurgical and surgical interventions to treat and prevent the complications associated with transradial access procedures.

Radial Artery Access for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions: Contemporary Insights and Novel Approaches

Since its introduction, the transradial access for percutaneous cardiovascular procedures has been associated with several advantages as compared to transfemoral approach, and has become the default for coronary angiography and intervention. In the last 30 years, a robust amount of evidence on the transradial approach has been mounted, promoting its diffusion worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive review of radial artery access for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions, including the evidence from clinical trials of transradial vs. transfemoral approach, technical considerations, access-site complications and limitations, alternative forearm accesses (e.g., ulnar and distal radial artery), and ultimately the use of the radial approach for structural interventions.

The Activated Clotting Time Paradox

Background:

Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is a thrombotic complication of transradial catheterization that can lead to permanent occlusion of the radial artery. Sheath-vessel diameter ratio, postprocedure compression time, occlusive hemostasis, and insufficient anticoagulation are all predictors of RAO. However, excessive anticoagulation can lead to longer time to achieve complete hemostasis and less patent hemostasis rate. This study was designed to assess the relationship among residual anticoagulation at the end of a percutaneous coronary procedure and the risk of RAO.

Methods:

Eight hundred thirty-seven patients undergoing transradial catheterization were enrolled. Activated clotting time (ACT) was measured before sheath removal. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to ACT values (ACT <150 s, ACT between 150 and 249 s, ACT >250 s), patent hemostasis with reverse Barbeau test was attempted in all patients, and compression device removed as soon as possible. Within 24 hours, patency of radial artery was checked by Doppler using reverse Barbeau technique.

Results:

Incidence of RAO was higher for the extreme ACT values. Patent hemostasis were less frequently obtained and time to hemostasis significantly longer for increasing ACT values ( P =0.004 for trend and <0.0001 for trend, respectively). At logistic regression analysis, ACT values <150 s were an independent predictor of RAO (odds ratio, 3.53; 95% IC, 1.677–7.43; P =0.001) while adjusted probability for RAO confirmed U-shaped relationship with ACT values.

Conclusions:

The level of anticoagulation is strongly related to incidence of RAO and should be measured objectively by ACT.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02762344.

Subcutaneous Injection of Nitroglycerin at the Radial Artery Puncture Site Reduces the Risk of Early Radial Artery Occlusion After Transradial Coronary Catheterization: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Transradial coronary catheterization is widely used as a diagnostic or interventional procedure for coronary disease. However, it can lead to adverse complications, such as radial artery occlusion. We sought to determine whether preprocedural injection of nitroglycerin at the radial artery puncture site reduces radial artery occlusion.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 188 patients undergoing transradial coronary catheterization were randomized in a single-blind fashion to receive subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL 0.1% nitroglycerin or a placebo at the radial artery puncture site. The participants underwent ultrasound examinations of the radial artery before and at 24 hours after the procedure. Of the 188 patients enrolled, 182 completed the study, as the procedure failed in 2 participants in the nitroglycerin-treated group and 4 in the placebo group. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between 2 groups. Comparing the radial artery diameters before and after the operation, there was a statistically significant increase in the nitroglycerin-treated group (2.48±0.45 versus 2.45±0.46 mm; P=0.003) but a decrease in the placebo control group (2.41±0.50 versus 2.46±0.49 mm; P<0.001). Importantly, the incidence of radial arterial occlusion was substantially lower in the nitroglycerin-treated group than in the placebo control group (5.4% versus 14.4%; P=0.04). There was not significant difference in other complications (forearm hematoma and radial artery pseudoaneurysm, respectively), and there was no incidence of cause hypotension or an intolerable headache.

CONCLUSIONS

Subcutaneous injection of nitroglycerin at the radial artery puncture site dilates the radial artery and reduces the incidence of early radial artery occlusion post-catheterization.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-IPR-15006559.

Rate of Complications at Early Removal of Compression Bandage After Transradial Coronary Angiography

PURPOSE

to compare rates of access site complications at early (after 4 hours) and traditional (after 24 hours) removal of a compression bandage after diagnostic transradial (TR) coronary angiography (CA) in patients not receiving anticoagulants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We included into this study 392 patients (mean age 63±8.7 years, 62.8% men) who underwent transradial coronary angiography. Patients were divided into 2 groups. In group 1 patients (n=221) compression bandage was removed from puncture site in 4 hours after procedure with subsequent control of radial artery patency using presence of pulse metric curve during ulnar artery compression (the reverse Barbeau test with pulse oximeter). In patients of group 2 (n=171) compression band was removed after 24 hours. In both groups control of radial artery patency was carried out after 24 hours using the reverse Barbeau test. Upon detection of radial artery occlusion (RAO) ultrasound imaging of the forearm arteries was performed.

RESULTS

No RAO was detected in group 1 while in group 2 number of detected RAO was 15 (8.8%) (р&lt;0.05). Rates of hematomas at puncture site were not significantly different. Puncture site bleeding after band removal requiring repeated banding occurred in 1 patient of group one (0.6%); no such cases were registered in group 2 (p&gt;0.05).

CONCLUSION

Compared with traditional method early removal of compression bandage after TR CA was associated with lower rate of RAO.

Dorsal (Distal) Transradial Access for Coronary Angiography and Intervention

Access to the arterial system through the distal or dorsal terminal end of the radial artery has recently been developed for interventional and diagnostic procedures. This technique may offer some advantages for specific patient subsets over the traditional radial approach. It may also offer advantages to the operator especially when using the left radial artery. The approach to successful dorsal radial access is described along with hemostasis. Although significant adverse events have not been described in the literature or on social media, several potential areas for vigilance are mentioned.