Long‐term follow‐up of covered stent implantation for various coronary artery diseases

Intentional creation of dissection flaps to treat perforations during chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) carries a non-negligible risk of coronary perforation. Definitive treatment of a proximal large vessel perforation often requires the use of covered stents; however, the latter carry significant risk of restenosis and thrombosis, and is not feasible if wire control of the distal vessel has not been achieved. We describe two cases of target vessel perforations during CTO PCI which were treated by the intentional creation of dissection flaps using the subintimal tracking and re-entry technique to seal the perforation.

Treatment of coronary pseudoaneurysm detected after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion: A case report

BACKGROUND

Coronary pseudoaneurysm (CPA) are associated with iatrogenic coronary artery dissection or perforation, which rarely reported formation early after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO). This study reported a case of CPA that developed 4 weeks after PCI for CTO.

CASE REPORT

A 40-year-old man was admitted with unstable angina and diagnosed with CTO of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and right coronary artery. The CTO of the LAD was successfully treated by PCI. However, reexamination by coronary arteriography and optical coherence tomography after 4 weeks confirmed a CPA at the stented middle segment of the LAD. The CPA was treated surgically by the implantation of a Polytetrafluoroethylene-coated stent. reexamination at the 5-month follow-up revealed a patent stent in the LAD and no CPA-like manifestations. Intravascular ultrasound showed no intimal hyperplasia or in-stent thrombogenesis.

CONCLUSION

CPA might develop within weeks after PCI for CTO. While it could be successfully treated by the implantation of a Polytetrafluoroethylene-coated stent.

Two presentations of acute coronary syndrome with progression of giant right coronary artery aneurysm; a case report

Background

Giant coronary aneurysms are a rare finding on coronary angiography. Given its very low prevalence, little is known about optimal management of this coronary pathology.

Case summary

In this case report, we review the two presentations of a patient with acute coronary syndrome during a 6-year period. With regard to the second presentation, we review the investigations that demonstrate the progression of a coronary aneurysm in the right coronary artery as well as the Heart Team evaluations that resulted in surgical treatment of the coronary aneurysm.

Discussion

Following perspectives on prevalence and risk factors, we emphasize upon the available data with regard to interventional options in coronary aneurysms and describe the considerations with regard to interventional treatment in patients with giant coronary aneurysms. Finally, we discuss the available literature with regard to antithrombotic regimens in patients with coronary aneurysms.

Managing coronary artery perforation after percutaneous coronary intervention

INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery perforation is a serious complication during percutaneous coronary intervention that results in significant increase in morbidity and mortality. In this article, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the contemporary management of coronary perforation and the possible scenarios that operators may run into during percutaneous coronary interventions.

AREA COVERED

Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention. Literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify the most recently published articles covering this topic.

EXPERT OPINION

As part of this review, we also provide an expert commentary discussing the nuances in the recognition and management of coronary artery perforation, in addition to future directions, and improvements in technology that could make the management of coronary perforation safer and more effective.

Complications during chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: a sign- and symptom-based approach to early diagnosis and treatment

Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO) are frequently found in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Despite their high prevalence and indication for revascularization in a relevant proportion of cases, CTO recanalization is attempted only in a minority of cases. This is due to higher risk of procedural complications compared to non-CTO interventions and because the CTO-PCIs are the most complex procedures in interventional cardiology. In particular, the perceived higher risk of complications during CTO intervention might discourage new operators from engaging in this challenging field. The aim of this work is to review the potential complications of CTO percutaneous coronary intervention, and to provide an algorithmic, sign- and symptom-based approach to facilitate early recognition and effective management.

Procedural and 1-year outcomes following large vessel coronary artery perforation treated by covered stents implantation: Multicentre CRACK registry

Background

Data regarding the clinical outcomes of covered stents (CSs) used to seal coronary artery perforations (CAPs) in the all-comer population are scarce. The aim of the CRACK Registry was to evaluate the procedural, 30-days and 1-year outcomes after CAP treated by CS implantation.

Methods

This multicenter all-comer registry included data of consecutive patients with CAP treated by CS implantation. The primary endpoint was the composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), defined as cardiac death, target lesion revascularization (TLR), and myocardial infarction (MI).

Results

The registry included 119 patients (mean age: 68.9 ± 9.7 years, 55.5% men). Acute coronary syndrome, including: unstable angina 21 (17.6%), NSTEMI 26 (21.8%), and STEMI 26 (21.8%), was the presenting diagnosis in 61.3%, and chronic coronary syndromes in 38.7% of patients. The most common lesion type, according to ACC/AHA classification, was type C lesion in 47 (39.5%) of cases. A total of 52 patients (43.7%) had type 3 Ellis classification, 28 patients (23.5%) had type 2 followed by 39 patients (32.8%) with type 1 perforation. Complex PCI was performed in 73 (61.3%) of patients. Periprocedural death occurred in eight patients (6.7%), of which two patients had emergency cardiac surgery. Those patients were excluded from the one-year analysis. Successful sealing of the perforation was achieved in 99 (83.2%) patients. During the follow-up, 26 (26.2%) patients experienced MACE [7 (7.1%) cardiac deaths, 13 (13.1%) TLR, 11 (11.0%) MIs]. Stent thrombosis (ST) occurred in 6 (6.1%) patients [4(4.0%) acute ST, 1(1.0%) subacute ST and 1(1.0%) late ST].

Conclusions

The use of covered stents is an effective treatment of CAP. The procedural and 1-year outcomes of CAP treated by CS implantation showed that such patients should remain under follow-up due to relatively high risk of MACE.

Incidence, Management, Immediate and Long-Term Outcome of Guidewire and Device Related Grade III Coronary Perforations (from G3CAP - Cardiogroup VI Registry)

Ellis grade III coronary artery perforations (G3-CAP) remain a life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with high morbidity and mortality and lack of consensus regarding optimal treatment strategies. We reviewed all PCIs performed in 10 European centers from 1993 to 2019 recording all G3-CAP along with management strategies, in-hospital and long-term outcome according to Device-related perforations (DP) and Guidewire-related perforations (WP). Among 106,592 PCI (including 7,773 chronic total occlusions), G3-CAP occurred in 311 patients (0.29%). DP occurred in 194 cases (62.4%), more commonly in proximal segments (73.2%) and frequently secondary to balloon dilatation (66.0%). WP arose in 117 patients (37.6%) with chronic total occlusions guidewires involved in 61.3% of cases. Overall sealing success rate was 90.7% and usually required multiple maneuvers (80.4%). The most commonly adopted strategies to obtain hemostasis were prolonged balloon inflation (73.2%) with covered stent implantation (64.4%) in the DP group, and prolonged balloon inflation (53.8%) with coil embolization (41%) in the WP group.  Procedural or in-hospital events arose in 38.2% of cases: mortality was higher after DP (7.2% vs 2.6%, p = 0.05) and acute stent thrombosis 3-fold higher (3.1% vs 0.9%, p = 0.19). At clinical follow-up, median 2 years, a major cardiovascular event occurred in one-third of cases (all-cause mortality 8.2% and 7.1% respectively, without differences between groups). In conclusion, although rare and despite improved rates of adequate perforation sealing G3-CAP cause significant adverse events. DP and WP result in different patterns of G3-CAP and management strategies should be based on this classification.

Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: managing perforation complications

INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is an infrequent (<1%) complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), that can lead to dramatic consequences, including tamponade and death. The incidence of CAP is higher (4-9%) in chronic total occlusion (CTO) PCI due higher complexity of these lesions and the techniques used to recanalized them.

AREAS COVERED

In this Expert Review, we discuss the specific features of CTO PCI predisposing to CAP. We also describe the typical procedural scenarios in which CAP can occur and provide a universal management algorithm. Currently available devices and techniques for CAP treatment are presented in detail. Finally, we discuss imaging support for diagnosis of pericardial effusion in CAP as well as medical and surgical management.

EXPERT OPINION

With increasing volumes and complexity of CTO PCI, the incidence of CAP is likely to rise. Adherence to good catheterization laboratory practices, availability of dedicated equipment to seal CAP, perform pericardiocentesis, and provide hemodynamic support, as well as adequate training, are pillars for the prevention and optimal management of CAP during CTO PCI.

Sealing of Coronary Perforations With a Second-Generation Covered Stent Graft - Results From the PAST-PERF Registry

BACKGROUND

The PAST-PERF registry was initiated to collect data on the PK Papyrus covered stent, a second-generation device for the treatment of coronary artery perforations with enhanced mechanical properties, but with limited available data.

METHODS

Patients treated for coronary artery perforations with the PK Papyrus stent at 14 international centers were retrospectively identified. The primary effectiveness outcome was successful sealing of the perforation. The primary safety outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, definite or probable stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization.

RESULTS

Among the 94 included patients, 72.3% (68/94) had Ellis type III and cavity spilling perforations. Complete sealing was achieved in 93.6% (n = 88), and no sealing could be achieved in 3.2% (n = 3, including one patient with a geographical miss and one patient in whom the device could not be implanted). Pericardiocentesis was required in 25.0% (n = 23), emergency cardiac surgery was needed in 7.6% (n = 7), acute stent thrombosis was observed in 1.1% (n = 1), and in-hospital mortality occurred in 11.7% (n = 11). The median follow-up duration was 283 (IQR:40;670) days. At 6 and 12 months, the incidence of the primary safety endpoint was 26.6% [95%CI:18.6;37.1] and 32.0% [95%CI:22.8;43.4], mortality 15.0% [95%CI:9.0;24.6] and 19.0% [95%CI:11.3;30.0], and target lesion revascularization 5.5% [95%CI:2.0;14.6] and 7.7% [95%CI:3.1;18.2]. Two definite stent thrombosis occurred, one during the procedure and one on post-procedure day 233.

CONCLUSIONS

The registry demonstrates favorably high rates of successful stent delivery and sealing of coronary perforations using a second-generation covered stent with low target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis rates.

ANNOTATED TABLE OF CONTENT

The PAST-PERF registry demonstrates favorably high rates of successful stent delivery and sealing of coronary perforations using a second-generation covered stent with low target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis rates. Specifically, complete sealing was achieved in 93.6% of patients (n = 88/94), and no sealing could be achieved in 3.2% (n = 3, including one patient with a geographical miss and one patient in whom the device could not be implanted). The 12-month mortality was 19.0% [95%CI:11.3;30.0], the rate of target lesion revascularization was 7.7% [95%CI:3.1;18.2], and two definite stent thromboses occurred (one during procedure and one on post-procedure day 233).

Use and outcomes of the PK Papyrus covered stent in France: SOS PK Papyrus Registry

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the rate of procedural success and long-term outcomes of the PK Papyrus (PKP) covered stent (CS).

BACKGROUND

CS are essential in the treatment of coronary artery perforation (CAP). They have also been used to treat coronary artery aneurysms. Limited evidence is available on clinical outcomes with the PKP.

METHODS

This was a multicenter, observational, retrospective, and prospective study. Consecutive patients undergoing intentional PKP implantation in 22 centers in France were included. The primary endpoint was the rate of procedural success. Secondary endpoints included rates of death, myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), in-stent restenosis (ISR), and stent thrombosis (ST).

RESULTS

Data from 130 patients were analyzed (mean age 72.5 ± 10.5 years; 71% men). The main indication for PKP was CAP, in 84 patients (65%). Delivery success was achieved in 95% and procedural success in 91%. During the in-hospital stay, 15 patients died (12%) and 7 (5%) presented with ST. Data from 127 patients were available at 19.2 ± 12.8 month follow-up. Thirty-three patients died (26%), 15 (12%) had an MI and 21 (17%) presented with TLR. TLR was due to ISR in 12 patients (9%), 10 had definite ST (8%) and 1 patient for stent under-expansion.

CONCLUSIONS

The principal indication for PKP was CAP. PKP had high rates of delivery and procedural success. At long-term follow-up, there was a high rate of TLR, mainly due to ISR and ST. These results are consistent with previously reported data in these clinical settings.

Clinical Outcomes After Implantation of Polyurethane-Covered Cobalt-Chromium Stents: Insights from the Papyrus-Spain Registry

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

The main indication of covered stents (CS) is coronary artery perforation (CAP), but, they have been increasingly used in other scenarios. Data on the long-term follow-up of CS is limited, and no studies have been conducted specifically using new-generation polyurethane-covered cobalt-chromium Papyrus CS.

PURPOSE

to evaluate the clinical outcomes after hospital discharge of Papyrus CS and to compare their outcome after implantation in CAP or coronary artery aneurysms (CAA).

METHODS/MATERIALS

We evaluated the baseline clinical characteristics, lesion subsets, procedural features and the outcomes after initial discharge of Papyrus CS implanted in 17 high-PCI-volume centers.

RESULTS

127 Papyrus CS were implanted in 108 patients (68 ± 1 years; 82.8% male) admitted for stable coronary disease (32.3%), NSTEMI (42.4%) or STEMI (25.3%). The number of CS per patient was 1.2 ± 0.6 (diameter: 3.5 ± 1.7 mm; length: 18.5 ± 3.7 mm). Angiographic success rate was 96%. CS diameter was larger in CAA (CAP:3.04 ± 0.5 mm vs CAA:4.1 ± 2.7 mm; p = .022). Intracoronary imaging techniques were used more frequently in CAA (p < .0001). After a mean follow-up of 22 ± 16 months, the major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE) rate was 7.1% [cardiac death: 2%, Myocardial infarction: 5%, Target Lesion Revascularization: 5% and Stent Thrombosis (ST): 3%]. MACE rate was similar in CAP (7.7%) and CAA (7.1%) (p = .9). However, CAA showed a higher ST rate (CAP: 0% vs CA: 7.1%; p = .04).

CONCLUSION

After hospital discharge, clinical outcomes after Papyrus CS implantation are acceptable (considering the clinical scenario and compared with other treatment alternatives) with no significant differences in the MACE rate between those implanted in CAA or in CAP. However, CAA group showed a higher ST rate.