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Xu W, Tucker JR, Bekele WA, You FM, Fu YB, Khanal R, Yao Z, Singh J, Boyle B, Beattie AD, Belzile F, Mascher M, Tinker NA, Badea A. Genome Assembly of the Canadian two-row Malting Barley cultivar AAC Synergy. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6128399. [PMID: 33856017 PMCID: PMC8049406 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important global crops. The six-row barley cultivar Morex reference genome has been used by the barley research community worldwide. However, this reference genome can have limitations when used for genomic and genetic diversity analysis studies, gene discovery, and marker development when working in two-row germplasm that is more common to Canadian barley. Here we assembled, for the first time, the genome sequence of a Canadian two-row malting barley, cultivar AAC Synergy. We applied deep Illumina paired-end reads, long mate-pair reads, PacBio sequences, 10X chromium linked read libraries, and chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C) to generate a contiguous assembly. The genome assembled from super-scaffolds had a size of 4.85 Gb, N50 of 2.32 Mb, and an estimated 93.9% of complete genes from a plant database (BUSCO, benchmarking universal single-copy orthologous genes). After removal of small scaffolds (< 300 Kb), the assembly was arranged into pseudomolecules of 4.14 Gb in size with seven chromosomes plus unanchored scaffolds. The completeness and annotation of the assembly were assessed by comparing it with the updated version of six-row Morex and recently released two-row Golden Promise genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Xu
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100 Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - James R Tucker
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2701 Grand Valley Road, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
| | - Wubishet A Bekele
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Frank M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Raja Khanal
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Zhen Yao
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100 Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Aaron D Beattie
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - François Belzile
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Tinker
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2701 Grand Valley Road, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
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Izydorczyk M, Nam S, Sharma A, Kletke J. Exploring dry grain fractionation as a means to valorize high‐protein malting barley. Cereal Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Shin Nam
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Arzoo Sharma
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Jerry Kletke
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Pearling Fractions of Hulled, Partially Hull-Less and Hull-Less Food Barley Genotypes. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030565. [PMID: 33803221 PMCID: PMC8001832 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three food barley genotypes differing in the presence or absence of husks were sequentially pearled and their fractions analyzed for ash, proteins, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in order to identify potential functional food ingredients. Husks were high in ash, arabinoxylans, procyanidin B3, prodelphinidin B4 and p-coumaric, ferulic and diferulic bound acids, resulting in a high antioxidant capacity. The outermost layers provided a similar content of those bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity that were high in husks, and also an elevated content of tocols, representing the most valuable source of bioactive compounds. Intermediate layers provided high protein content, β-glucans, tocopherols and such phenolic compounds as catechins and bound hydroxybenzoic acid. The endosperm had very high β-glucan content and relative high levels of catechins and hydroxybenzoic acid. Based on the spatial distribution of the bioactive compounds, the outermost 30% pearling fractions seem the best option to exploit the antioxidant capacity of barley to the full, whereas pearled grains supply β-glucans enriched flours. Current regulations require elimination of inedible husks from human foods. However, due to their high content in bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity, they should be considered as a valuable material, at least for animal feeds.
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