Bladder squamous cell cancer accompanied by Trousseau's syndrome: a case report

Trousseau's Syndrome Presenting as Multiple Cerebral Infarctions Caused by Mucin-producing Bladder Micropapillary Urothelial Cancer

We herein report a 70-year-old man with recurrent multiple cerebral infarctions under warfarin therapy who was finally diagnosed with Trousseau's syndrome resulting from advanced bladder cancer. A histological examination of the mesenteric lymph nodes revealed metastasis of micropapillary urothelial cancer with positive mucin markers CA125 and MUC1. Blood examinations also indicated elevated tumor markers, such as CA19-9 and CA125. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Trousseau's syndrome in a patient with bladder micropapillary urothelial cancer in which mucin involvement was clearly proven by histological and serological examinations.

[Clinical and Imaging Features of Acute Cerebral Infarction in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Trousseau Syndrome]

背景与目的

急性脑梗死是Trousseau综合征（Trousseau syndrome, TS）的一种表现形式，但相对少见，往往容易被临床医师忽视。本研究探讨非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）合并TS以急性脑梗死为表现的临床、实验室检查及影像学特点。

方法

回顾性收集25例以急性脑梗死为表现的NSCLC合并TS患者的临床资料、实验室检查和影像学资料，进行分析总结。

结果

25例患者中男性18例，女性7例，年龄39岁-78岁，其中腺癌22例、鳞癌2例和大细胞癌1例；所有患者均有急性脑梗死的临床症状和体征；血浆D-二聚体明显升高，凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血活酶时间均有不同程度的缩短；所有患者在头部磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）[扩散加权成像（diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI）序列]平扫上均表现为累及多个颅内动脉供血区的急性多发性脑梗死灶，头磁共振血管成像（MR angiography, MRA）上梗死灶对应的供血血管管腔未见中重度狭窄。

结论

NSCLC合并急性多发性脑梗死是TS的少见表现类型，其特点是累及多个动脉供血区的急性多发性脑梗死灶伴有明显高凝状态；提高对该病的早期认识可以为临床诊疗提供一定的帮助。

Portal Vein Thrombosis Associated with Trousseau Syndrome due to Urinary Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Liver Cirrhosis Patient

A 75-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis was admitted for treatment of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Computed tomography (CT) showed PVT, massive ascites, and multiple abdominal organ embolism. Blood tests revealed a decreased liver function (Child-Pugh grade C). Language impairment followed by progressive left hemi-paralysis was subsequently detected. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple small acute cerebral infarctions and, on CT, a 30-mm bladder tumour; a biopsy specimen examination showed squamous cell carcinoma. Her general condition worsened rapidly, and the best supportive care was chosen. Our findings suggest that, in patients with PVT, Trousseau syndrome should be considered, even in cases of liver cirrhosis.

Trousseau's syndrome manifesting as multiple cerebral infarctions caused by bladder cancer

Cerebral infarction in patients with cancer is often called Trousseau's syndrome, which is a cancer-associated hypercoagulative state that causes thrombosis; however, the syndrome is rarely caused by bladder cancer. We report a case of Trousseau's syndrome manifesting as multiple cerebral infarctions caused by advanced bladder cancer in a 46-year-old male patient. The patient died due to the infarctions in the hospital. The prognosis of patients with Trousseau's syndrome caused by advanced cancer is poor. According to changing urological clinical settings, considering the risk of Trousseau's syndrome has become crucial for urologists treating patients with advanced cancer.