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Niinikoski I, Himanen S, Tenhunen M, Aromaa M, Lilja‐Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Evaluation of risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1135-1145. [PMID: 38358051 PMCID: PMC10937515 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachycephalic dogs display sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The risk factors for SDB remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for SDB. We hypothesized that brachycephaly, increasing severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), excess weight, and aging predispose to SDB. ANIMALS Sixty-three privately owned pet dogs were prospectively recruited: 28 brachycephalic and 35 normocephalic (mesaticephalic or dolicocephalic) dogs. METHODS Prospective observational cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. Recording with the neckband was done over 1 night at each dog's home. The primary outcome measure was the obstructive respiratory event index (OREI). Body condition score (BCS) was assessed, and BOAS severity was graded for brachycephalic dogs. RESULTS Brachycephaly was a significant risk factor for high OREI value (ratio of the geometric means 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2-9.9; P < .001) but aging was not (1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2; P = .2). Excess weight, defined as a BCS of over 5/9, (3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.7; P < .001) was a significant risk factor. In brachycephalic dogs, BOAS-positive class (moderate or severe BOAS signs) was a significant risk factor (2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.6; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Brachycephaly decreases welfare in a multitude of ways, including disrupting sleep. Brachycephaly, increasing severity of BOAS and excess weight are risk factors for obstructive SDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iida Niinikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sari‐Leena Himanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyTampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of PirkanmaaTampereFinland
| | - Mirja Tenhunen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyTampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of PirkanmaaTampereFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsTampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of PirkanmaaTampereFinland
| | - Mimma Aromaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Liisa Lilja‐Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Minna M. Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Mondino A, Ludwig C, Menchaca C, Russell K, Simon KE, Griffith E, Kis A, Lascelles BDX, Gruen ME, Olby NJ. Development and validation of a sleep questionnaire, SNoRE 3.0, to evaluate sleep in companion dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13340. [PMID: 37587172 PMCID: PMC10432410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle are a debilitating, yet rather common condition not only in humans, but also in family dogs. While there is an emerging need for easy-to-use tools to document sleep alterations (in order to ultimately treat and/or prevent them), the veterinary tools which yield objective data (e.g. polysomnography, activity monitors) are both labor intensive and expensive. In this study, we developed a modified version of a previously used sleep questionnaire (SNoRE) and determined criterion validity in companion dogs against polysomnography and physical activity monitors (PAMs). Since a negative correlation between sleep time and cognitive performance in senior dogs has been demonstrated, we evaluated the correlation between the SNoRE scores and the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES, which includes a factor concerning sleep). There was a significant correlation between SNoRE 3.0 questionnaire scores and polysomnography data (latency to NREM sleep, ρ = 0.507, p < 0.001) as well as PAMs' data (activity between 1:00 and 3:00 AM, p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between the SNoRE 3.0 scores and the CADES scores (ρ = 0.625, p < 0.001). Additionally, the questionnaire structure was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis, and it also showed an adequate test-retest reliability. In conclusion the present paper describes a valid and reliable questionnaire tool, that can be used as a cost-effective way to monitor dog sleep in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mondino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - C Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - C Menchaca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - K Russell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - K E Simon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - E Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - A Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - M E Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - N J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
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Niinikoski I, Himanen S, Tenhunen M, Lilja‐Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Description of a novel method for detection of sleep-disordered breathing in brachycephalic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1475-1481. [PMID: 37232547 PMCID: PMC10365046 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), defined as any difficulty in breathing during sleep, occurs in brachycephalic dogs. Diagnostic methods for SDB in dogs require extensive equipment and laboratory assessment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the usability of a portable neckband system for detection of SDB in dogs. We hypothesized that the neckband is a feasible method for evaluation of SDB and that brachycephaly predisposes to SDB. ANIMALS Twenty-four prospectively recruited client-owned dogs: 12 brachycephalic dogs and 12 control dogs of mesocephalic or dolicocephalic breeds. METHODS Prospective observational cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. Recording was done over 1 night at each dog's home. The primary outcome measure was the obstructive Respiratory Event Index (OREI), which summarized the rate of obstructive SDB events per hour. Additionally, usability, duration of recording, and snore percentage were documented. RESULTS Brachycephalic dogs had a significantly higher OREI value (Hodges-Lehmann estimator for median difference = 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-6.8; P < .001) and snore percentage (Hodges-Lehmann estimator = 34.2, 95% CI 13.6-60.8; P < .001) than controls. A strong positive correlation between OREI and snore percentage was detected in all dogs (rs = .79, P < .001). The neckband system was easy to use. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Brachycephaly is associated with SDB. The neckband system is a feasible way of characterizing SDB in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iida Niinikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sari‐Leena Himanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyTampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
| | - Mirja Tenhunen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyTampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsTampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
| | - Liisa Lilja‐Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Minna M. Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Villedieu E, Robinson W, Shales C. Suspected Obstructive Sleep Apnea Successfully Treated with Ondansetron in a Pug. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:152-155. [PMID: 35576395 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been uncommonly reported in dogs and is often associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). OSA independent from BOAS has been rarely reported. Treatment of OSA with ondansetron has only been reported in one dog and has not been reported in a breed commonly affected by BOAS. Here, we report the case of a pug with episodes of OSA despite appropriate treatment of BOAS. Administration of ondansetron led to a rapid and near-complete resolution of the clinical signs, with a follow-up of 3 mo. OSA independent of BOAS should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs that present for sleep-disordered breathing without exercise intolerance after appropriate treatment for BOAS. Use of certain serotonin antagonists may be useful as a treatment option for these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Villedieu
- From the Department of Soft Tissue Surgery, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, United Kingdom
| | - William Robinson
- From the Department of Soft Tissue Surgery, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Shales
- From the Department of Soft Tissue Surgery, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, United Kingdom
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Sleep Disorders in dogs: A Pathophysiological and Clinical Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 43:100516. [PMID: 33556640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental process in mammals, including domestic dogs. Disturbances in sleep affect physiological functions like cognitive and physical performance, immune response, pain sensation and increase the risk of diseases. In dogs, sleep can be affected by several conditions, with narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep breathing disorders being the most frequent causes. Furthermore, sleep disturbances can be a symptom of other primary diseases where they can contribute to the worsening of clinical signs. This review describes reciprocally interacting sleep and wakefulness promoting systems and how their dysfunction can explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep disorders. Additionally, this work discusses the clinical characteristics, diagnostic tools and available treatments for these disorders while highlighting areas in where further studies are needed so as to improve their treatment and prevention.
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