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Manciulli T, Marangoni D, Salas-Coronas J, Bocanegra C, Richter J, Gobbi F, Motta L, Minervini A, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L. Diagnosis and management of complicated urogenital schistosomiasis: a systematic review of the literature. Infection 2023; 51:1185-1221. [PMID: 37466786 PMCID: PMC10545601 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no standardized guidelines for the diagnosis or management of the complications of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS). This systematic review of the literature aims to investigate the state of the art in reference to diagnostic approaches and the clinical management of this condition. METHODS A systematic review of literature published between January 1990 and January 2021 was conducted in the MEDLINE database, scoping for articles regarding diagnostic means or therapeutic options for the complications of UGS, namely obstructive uropathy, bladder cancer, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, kidney failure, urolithiasis and the need for invasive procedures. Relevant data were then extracted from the articles deemed eligible according to the inclusion criteria. MAIN RESULTS In total, 3052 articles were identified by the research query, of which 167 articles fulfilling inclusion criteria after title/abstract screening and full-text evaluation were included, 35% on both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, and 51% on diagnosis and 14% on therapy. Ultrasound was the most frequently tool employed for the diagnosis of UGS complications showing a good performance. Concerning the management of hydronephrosis, the majority of available evidences came from community-based studies where universal treatment with praziquantel was used leading to decrease of prevalence of obstructive uropathy. Concerning studies on surgical procedures, laser endoureterotomy followed by stenting was mostly employed in adult patients leading to a crude cure rate of 60% (43 of 71 patients). In the case of severe hydronephrosis, surgery consisting of ureteral re-implantation showed excellent results with a crude cure rate of 98% (157 cured patients of 160 treated). Concerning bladder cancer, data on 93 patients with a clear diagnosis of UGS-related bladder were available reporting a variable and sometime combined approach based on disease stage. Available data on diagnosis and management of abortion, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, kidney failure, urolithiasis and the need for invasive procedures due to UGS are also presented. CONCLUSIONS The review produced a complete picture of the diagnostic and therapeutic options currently available for complicated UGS. These results can be useful both for guiding clinicians towards correct management and for tracing the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Manciulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Marangoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Bocanegra
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Health Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Motta
- Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Minervini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Oncologic Minimally-Invasive Urology and Andrology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Largo Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Largo Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Nemungadi TG, Furumele TE, Gugerty MK, Djirmay AG, Naidoo S, Kjetland EF. Establishing and Integrating a Female Genital Schistosomiasis Control Programme into the Existing Health Care System. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110382. [PMID: 36422933 PMCID: PMC9696272 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a complication of Schistosoma haematobium infection, and imposes a health burden whose magnitude is not fully explored. It is estimated that up to 56 million women in sub-Saharan Africa have FGS, and almost 20 million more cases will occur in the next decade unless infected girls are treated. Schistosomiasis is reported throughout the year in South Africa in areas known to be endemic, but there is no control programme. We analyze five actions for both a better understanding of the burden of FGS and reducing its prevalence in Africa, namely: (1) schistosomiasis prevention by establishing a formal control programme and increasing access to treatment, (2) introducing FGS screening, (3) providing knowledge to health care workers and communities, (4) vector control, and (5) water, sanitation, and hygiene. Schistosomiasis is focal in South Africa, with most localities moderately affected (prevalence between 10% and 50%), and some pockets that are high risk (more than 50% prevalence). However, in order to progress towards elimination, the five actions are yet to be implemented in addition to the current (and only) control strategy of case-by-case treatment. The main challenge that South Africa faces is a lack of access to WHO-accredited donated medication for mass drug administration. The establishment of a formal and funded programme would address these issues and begin the implementation of the recommended actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani Girly Nemungadi
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, National Department of Health, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Tsakani Ernica Furumele
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, National Department of Health, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mary Kay Gugerty
- Evans School of Public Policy & Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3055, USA
| | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Department of the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Eyrun Flörecke Kjetland
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects of Bladder Bilharziomas in the Urology Department of Idrissa Pouye General Hospital (HOGIP). Adv Urol 2021; 2021:4536381. [PMID: 35517372 PMCID: PMC9066376 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4536381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of our study is to assess the diagnostic aspects of bladder bilharzioma in the Urology Department of Idrissa Pouye General Hospital (Senegal). Materials and Methods It is a descriptive study from January 2013 to December 2018. The patients included in the study were those who had anatomopathological examination of bladder biopsy that showed a schistosomiasis pseudotumor of the bladder. The variables studied were sociodemographic, clinical symptoms, imaging findings, histology, and treatment. The data have been saved and analyzed by the 2013 Excel software. Results Thirteen patients were included in our study. The average age was 27 ± 12.1 years. Sex ratio was 1.6. The majority of the patients were from the northern part of Senegal. Hematuria was the main symptom for all the patients. Cystoscopy was performed for all the patients and showed 5 granulomas and 8 fibrocalcic polyps. A transurethral resection of the bladder was performed, and treatment with praziquantel (40 mg/kg of bodyweight) has been carried out. One patient presented precancerous lesions such as metaplasia and dysplasia of the bladder mucosa. After a median follow-up of 40 months (6–57 months), ten patients had a favorable clinical and endoscopic outcome. Conclusion Granulomas and fibrocalcic polyps of the bladder mucosa are, respectively, confused with squamous cell carcinoma and bladder lithiasis in endemic areas of schistosomiasis. Good cystoscopy interpretation can provide the diagnosis of bladder bilharzioma and start the treatment.
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Fabiano M, Califano A, Chiancone F, D'Antonio A, Maiorino F, Simeone D, Silvestre G, Altieri V. Bladder schistosomiasis in Italy: A case report. Urologia 2020; 87:191-193. [PMID: 32133929 DOI: 10.1177/0391560320910647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human schistosomiasis is a snail-borne disease caused by parasitic blood-dwelling flukes. A long-term infection can lead to the risk of liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. The most common sign is hematuria with the blood first seen in the terminal urine, but in severe cases the whole urine sample can be dark colored. We analyze the case of a healthy African child living in Italy since birth, harboring a hidden debilitating disease that was picked up during ultrasonography. CASE REPORT A 11-year-old African child was admitted to our emergency department with macroscopic hematuria, dysuria, and frequency for 2 months. Ultrasonography revealed a solid mass involving bladder's right wall. Non-contrast and contrast-enhanced scans of computerized tomography showed a mass of 45 mm x 15 mm on the right bladder wall. A bipolar transurethral resection of bladder was performed. The pathological examination showed findings consistent with Schistosoma haematobium. DISCUSSION The clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis depend on the inflammatory response to the parasitic infection. In particular, it can manifest in the bladder as painless dysuria, urinary incontinence and urinary frequency, hematuria, or even urinary retention if the trigone is involved. Utilization of ultrasonography for diagnostic evaluation of schistosomiasis is mandatory. For treatment, the World Health Organization recommends praziquantel which has an efficacy of up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fabiano
- Department of Urology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio D'Antonio
- SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Davide Simeone
- Department of Urology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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