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Tesi N, van der Lee S, Hulsman M, van Schoor NM, Huisman M, Pijnenburg Y, van der Flier WM, Reinders M, Holstege H. Cognitively healthy centenarians are genetically protected against Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3864-3875. [PMID: 38634500 PMCID: PMC11180929 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence increases with age, yet a small fraction of the population reaches ages > 100 years without cognitive decline. We studied the genetic factors associated with such resilience against AD. METHODS Genome-wide association studies identified 86 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AD risk. We estimated SNP frequency in 2281 AD cases, 3165 age-matched controls, and 346 cognitively healthy centenarians. We calculated a polygenic risk score (PRS) for each individual and investigated the functional properties of SNPs enriched/depleted in centenarians. RESULTS Cognitively healthy centenarians were enriched with the protective alleles of the SNPs associated with AD risk. The protective effect concentrated on the alleles in/near ANKH, GRN, TMEM106B, SORT1, PLCG2, RIN3, and APOE genes. This translated to >5-fold lower PRS in centenarians compared to AD cases (P = 7.69 × 10-71), and 2-fold lower compared to age-matched controls (P = 5.83 × 10-17). DISCUSSION Maintaining cognitive health until extreme ages requires complex genetic protection against AD, which concentrates on the genes associated with the endolysosomal and immune systems. HIGHLIGHTS Cognitively healthy cent enarians are enriched with the protective alleles of genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The protective effect is concentrated on variants involved in the immune and endolysosomal systems. Combining variants into a polygenic risk score (PRS) translated to > 5-fold lower PRS in centenarians compared to AD cases, and ≈ 2-fold lower compared to middle-aged healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo’ Tesi
- Delft Bioinformatics LabDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsSection Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and AgingVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyAlzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sven van der Lee
- Department of Clinical GeneticsSection Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and AgingVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyAlzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Hulsman
- Delft Bioinformatics LabDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsSection Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and AgingVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyAlzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Data SciencesAmsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Mental Health ProgramAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Data SciencesAmsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Mental Health ProgramAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Department of NeurologyAlzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M. van der Flier
- Department of NeurologyAlzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data SciencesAmsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics LabDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Delft Bioinformatics LabDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsSection Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and AgingVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyAlzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Chinen J. Spectrum of clinical phenotypes of PLCG2 gene variants: Just PLAID. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1260-1261. [PMID: 38373474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Chinen
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Woodlands, Tex.
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Aygun A, Topyıldız E, Geyik M, Karaca NE, Durmaz A, Aksu G, Aykut A, Kutukculer N. Current genetic defects in common variable immunodeficiency patients on the geography between Europe and Asia: a single-center experience. Immunol Res 2024; 72:225-233. [PMID: 37840117 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the causes of monogenetic common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients has rapidly increased in the last years by means of worldwide availability of appropriate genetic diagnostic methods. However, up to date, very limited numbers of reports demonstrating the role of geography, ethnicity, and consanguinity have been published. Here, we reported the first study of Turkish CVID patients and compared them with the results of three countries from America, Europe, and Asia. A total of 100 children diagnosed as CVID according to the criteria of European Society for Immunodeficiencies were enrolled, and they were genetically analyzed by using targeted next-generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing. The median age of our patients was 5.8 years (range, 3.0-16.0 years) at clinical diagnosis and 9.0 years (range, 4.8-21.0 years) at the time of genetic diagnosis. The consanguinity rate was 24%. Disease-causing pathogenic variants were defined in 40% of patients in a total of 17 different genes. Sixteen of 40 identified pathogenic variants were novel (40%). We determined 18 surface molecular defects, 10 cytosolic defects, 9 nuclear defects, and 3 others. In our cohort, the most common gene was TACI (15/40 in pathogenic variant identified cases and 15/100 in all cases) followed by the others such as PLCү2, LRBA, TCF3, and STAT1. In contrast to our expectations, our results were more similar to American and European population rather than Asians, although we also have high consanguinity rates and live on the geography between Europe and Asia. Genetic investigation is a great challenge, because of the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease, and each country has to know their own current genetic landscape in CVID for a better and successful management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Aygun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Topyıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Geyik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asude Durmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guzide Aksu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayca Aykut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necil Kutukculer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Gao X, Michel K, Griese M. Interstitial Lung Disease in Immunocompromised Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010064. [PMID: 36611354 PMCID: PMC9818431 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The range of pulmonary complications beyond infections in pediatric immunocompromised patients is broad but not well characterized. Our goal was to assess the spectrum of disorders with a focus on interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in immunodeficient patients. METHODS We reviewed 217 immunocompromised children attending a specialized pneumology service during a period of 23 years. We assigned molecular diagnoses where possible and categorized the underlying immunological conditions into inborn errors of immunity or secondary immunodeficiencies according to the IUIS and the pulmonary conditions according to the chILD-EU classification system. RESULTS Among a wide array of conditions, opportunistic and chronic infections were the most frequent. ILD had a 40% prevalence. Of these children, 89% had a CT available, and 66% had a lung biopsy, which supported the diagnosis of ILD in 95% of cases. Histology was often lymphocyte predominant with the histo-pattern of granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), follicular bronchiolitis or lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Of interest, DIP, PAP and NSIP were also diagnosed. ILD was detected in several immunological disorders not yet associated with ILD. CONCLUSIONS Specialized pneumological expertise is necessary to manage the full spectrum of respiratory complications in pediatric immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Griese
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-57870; Fax: +49-89-4400-57872
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Solomon S, Sampathkumar NK, Carre I, Mondal M, Chennell G, Vernon AC, Ruepp MD, Mitchell JC. Heterozygous expression of the Alzheimer's disease-protective PLCγ2 P522R variant enhances Aβ clearance while preserving synapses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:453. [PMID: 35895133 PMCID: PMC9329165 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rare coding variant, P522R, in the phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) gene has been identified as protective against late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism is unknown. PLCG2 is exclusively expressed in microglia within the central nervous system, and altered microglial function has been implicated in the progression of AD. METHODS Healthy control hiPSCs were CRISPR edited to generate cells heterozygous and homozygous for the PLCG2P522R variant. Microglia derived from these hiPSC's were used to investigate the impact of PLCγ2P522R on disease relevant processes, specifically microglial capacity to take up amyloid beta (Aβ) and synapses. Targeted qPCR assessment was conducted to explore expression changes in core AD linked and microglial genes, and mitochondrial function was assessed using an Agilent Seahorse assay. RESULTS Heterozygous expression of the P522R variant resulted in increased microglial clearance of Aβ, while preserving synapses. This was associated with the upregulation of a number of genes, including the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10, and the synapse-linked CX3CR1, as well as alterations in mitochondrial function, and increased cellular motility. The protective capacity of PLCγ2P522R appeared crucially dependent on (gene) 'dose', as cells homozygous for the variant showed reduced synapse preservation, and a differential gene expression profile relative to heterozygous cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PLCγ2P522R may result in increased surveillance by microglia, and prime them towards an anti-inflammatory state, with an increased capacity to respond to increasing energy demands, but highlights the delicate balance of this system, with increasing PLCγ2P522R 'dose' resulting in reduced beneficial impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiden Solomon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nirmal Kumar Sampathkumar
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
- Present Address: Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ivo Carre
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mrityunjoy Mondal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - George Chennell
- Wohl Cellular Imaging Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony C. Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline C Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Welzel T, Oefelein L, Holzer U, Müller A, Menden B, Haack TB, Groβ M, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB. Variant in the PLCG2 Gene May Cause a Phenotypic Overlap of APLAID/PLAID: Case Series and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154369. [PMID: 35955991 PMCID: PMC9368933 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Variants in the phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) gene can cause PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID)/autoinflammation and PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) syndrome. Linking the clinical phenotype with the genotype is relevant in making the final diagnosis. Methods: This is a single center case series of five related patients (4−44 years), with a history of autoinflammation and immune dysregulation. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded and a literature review of APLAID/PLAID was performed. Results: All patients had recurrent fevers, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, headaches, myalgia, abdominal pain, cold-induced urticaria and recurrent airway infections. Hearing loss was detected in two patients. Inflammatory parameters were slightly elevated during flares. Unswitched B-cells were decreased. Naïve IgD+CD27− B-cells and unswitched IgD+CD27+ B-cells were decreased; switched IgD-CD27+ B-cells were slightly increased. T-cell function was normal. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous missense variant (c.77C>T, p.Thr26Met) in the PLCG2 gene in all patients. Genotype and phenotype characteristics were similar to previously published PLAID (cold-induced urticaria) and APLAID (eye inflammation, musculoskeletal complaints, no circulating antibodies) patients. Furthermore, they displayed characteristics for both PLAID and APLAID (recurrent infections, abdominal pain/diarrhea) with normal T-cell function. Conclusion: The heterozygous missense PLCG2 gene variant (c.77C>T, p.Thr26Met) might cause phenotypical overlap of PLAID and APLAID patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Welzel
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Oefelein
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
| | - Ursula Holzer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Amelie Müller
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Benita Menden
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Tobias B. Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Groβ
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Jasmin B. Kuemmerle-Deschner
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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In Silico Investigation of Some Compounds from the N-Butanol Extract of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatics as a newly emerging discipline is considered nowadays a reference to characterize the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the actual biocompounds contained in plants, which has helped the pharmaceutical industry a lot in the drug development process. In this study, a bioinformatics approach known as in silico was performed to predict, for the first time, the physicochemical properties, ADMET profile, pharmacological capacities, cytotoxicity, and nervous system macromolecular targets, as well as the gene expression profiles, of four compounds recently identified from Centaurea tougourensis via the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) approach. Thus, four compounds were tested from the n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract of this plant, named, respectively, Acridin-9-amine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5,7-dimethyl- (compound 1), 3-[2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl]-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (compound 2), 9,9-Dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,4-dione (compound 3), and 3-[3-Bromophenyl]-7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-10-hydroxy-1,9(2H,10H)-acridinedione (compound 4). The insilico investigation revealed that the four tested compounds could be a good candidate to regulate the expression of key genes and may also exert significant cytotoxic effects against several tumor celllines. In addition, these compounds could also be effective in the treatment of some diseases related to diabetes, skin pathologies, cardiovascular, and central nervous system disorders. The bioactive compounds of plant remain the best alternative in the context of the drug discovery and development process.
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Masumoto J, Zhou W, Morikawa S, Hosokawa S, Taguchi H, Yamamoto T, Kurata M, Kaneko N. Molecular biology of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:33. [PMID: 34635190 PMCID: PMC8507398 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The long battle between humans and various physical, chemical, and biological insults that cause cell injury (e.g., products of tissue damage, metabolites, and/or infections) have led to the evolution of various adaptive responses. These responses are triggered by recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), usually by cells of the innate immune system. DAMPs and PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by innate immune cells; this recognition triggers inflammation. Autoinflammatory diseases are strongly associated with dysregulation of PRR interactomes, which include inflammasomes, NF-κB-activating signalosomes, type I interferon-inducing signalosomes, and immuno-proteasome; disruptions of regulation of these interactomes leads to inflammasomopathies, relopathies, interferonopathies, and proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes, respectively. In this review, we discuss the currently accepted molecular mechanisms underlying several autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Masumoto
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Sho Hosokawa
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Haruka Taguchi
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mie Kurata
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Naoe Kaneko
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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