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Bienz S, van Vreeswijk SH, Pandey Y, Bartolomeo GL, Weckhuysen BM, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Probing coke formation during the methanol-to-hydrocarbon reaction on zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst at the nanoscale using tip-enhanced fluorescence microscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:5795-5801. [PMID: 36324827 PMCID: PMC9528927 DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The deactivation mechanism of the widely used zeolite ZSM-5 catalysts remains unclear to date due to the lack of analytical techniques with sufficient sensitivity and/or spatial resolution. Herein, a combination of hyperspectral confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) and tip-enhanced fluorescence (TEFL) microscopy is used to study the formation of different coke (precursor) species involved in the deactivation of zeolite ZSM-5 during the methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) reaction. CFM submicron-scale imaging shows a preferential formation of graphite-like coke species at the edges of zeolite ZSM-5 crystals within 10 min of the MTH reaction (i.e., working catalyst), whilst the amount of graphite-like coke species uniformly increased over the entire zeolite ZSM-5 surface after 90 min (i.e., deactivated catalyst). Furthermore, TEFL nanoscale imaging with ∼35 nm spatial resolution revealed that formation of coke species on the zeolite ZSM-5 surface is non-uniform and a relatively larger amount of coke is formed at the crystal steps, indicating a higher initial catalytic activity. Inhomogeneities in coke formation during methanol-to-hydrocarbon reaction on the zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst are imaged with ∼35 nm spatial resolution using tip-enhanced fluorescence microscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri Bienz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie H. van Vreeswijk
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Luca Bartolomeo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Abstract
AbstractNanoporous solids, including microporous, mesoporous and hierarchically structured porous materials, are of scientific and technological interest because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and ability to impose shape- and size-selectivity on molecules diffusing through them. Enormous efforts have been put in the mechanistic understanding of diffusion–reaction relationships of nanoporous solids, with the ultimate goal of developing materials with improved catalytic performance. Single-molecule localization microscopy can be used to explore the pore space via the trajectories of individual molecules. This ensemble-free perspective directly reveals heterogeneities in diffusion and diffusion-related reactivity of individual molecules, which would have been obscured in bulk measurements. In this article, we review developments in the spatial and temporal characterization of nanoporous solids using single-molecule localization microscopy. We illustrate various aspects of this approach, and showcase how it can be used to follow molecular diffusion and reaction behaviors in nanoporous solids.
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3
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Whiting GT, Chung SH, Stosic D, Chowdhury AD, van der Wal LI, Fu D, Zecevic J, Travert A, Houben K, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Multiscale Mechanistic Insights of Shaped Catalyst Body Formulations and Their Impact on Catalytic Properties. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sang-Ho Chung
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Dusan Stosic
- ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie University, Caen 14000, France
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Lars I. van der Wal
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Jovana Zecevic
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Travert
- ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie University, Caen 14000, France
| | - Klaartje Houben
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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4
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Kumar N, Kalirai S, Wain AJ, Weckhuysen BM. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of a Single Catalyst Particle with Tip-Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:417-423. [PMID: 31031870 PMCID: PMC6472685 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Determining the active site in real-life solid catalysts remains an intellectual challenge and is crucial for exploring the road towards their rational design. In recent years various micro-spectroscopic methods have revealed valuable structure-activity data at the level of a single catalyst particle, even under reaction conditions. Herein, we introduce Tip-Enhanced FLuorescence (TEFL) microscopy as a novel and versatile characterization tool for catalysis research. This has been achieved using a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalyst as showcase material. Thin sectioning of industrially used FCC particles together with selective staining of Brønsted acidity has enabled high-resolution TEFL mapping of different catalyst regions. Hyperspectral information gained via TEFL microscopy reveals a spatial distribution of Brønsted acidity within individual zeolite domains in different regions of the FCC catalyst particle. Comparison of TEFL measurements from different FCC particles showed significant intra- and inter-particle heterogeneities both in zeolite domain size and chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
- National Physical LaboratoryHampton RoadTeddington, TW11 0LWUnited Kingdom
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Wain
- National Physical LaboratoryHampton RoadTeddington, TW11 0LWUnited Kingdom
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
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5
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Gruene T, Li T, van Genderen E, Pinar AB, van Bokhoven JA. Characterization at the Level of Individual Crystals: Single-Crystal MFI Type Zeolite Grains. Chemistry 2018; 24:2384-2388. [PMID: 29193398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electron-diffraction data on the zeolites Silicalite-1 and ZSM-5 (both MFI framework type) were collected from individual grains of about 150×100×50 nm3 . Crystals were synthesized with tetrapropylammonium as structure-directing agent. The resolution extended to about 0.8 Å for Silicalite-1 and about 0.9-1.0 Å for ZSM-5 crystals. Analysis of several data sets showed that at the nanometre-scale, these zeolite crystals are single crystals and not intergrown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gruene
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Teng Li
- ETH Zurich, Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioing.wiss., Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ana B Pinar
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioing.wiss., Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Hendriks FC, Mohammadian S, Ristanović Z, Kalirai S, Meirer F, Vogt ETC, Bruijnincx PCA, Gerritsen HC, Weckhuysen BM. Integrated Transmission Electron and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Correlates Reactivity with Ultrastructure in a Single Catalyst Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:257-261. [PMID: 29119721 PMCID: PMC5765468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Establishing structure-activity relationships in complex, hierarchically structured nanomaterials, such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, requires characterization with complementary, correlated analysis techniques. An integrated setup has been developed to perform transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-molecule fluorescence (SMF) microscopy on such nanostructured samples. Correlated structure-reactivity information was obtained for 100 nm thin, microtomed sections of a single FCC catalyst particle using this novel SMF-TEM high-resolution combination. High reactivity in a thiophene oligomerization probe reaction correlated well with TEM-derived zeolite locations, while matrix components, such as clay and amorphous binder material, were found not to display activity. Differences in fluorescence intensity were also observed within and between distinct zeolite aggregate domains, indicating that not all zeolite domains are equally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular BiophysicsDepartment of Soft Condensed Matter and BiophysicsScience FacultyUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 1, 3584CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular BiophysicsDepartment of Soft Condensed Matter and BiophysicsScience FacultyUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 1, 3584CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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7
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Hendriks FC, Mohammadian S, Ristanović Z, Kalirai S, Meirer F, Vogt ETC, Bruijnincx PCA, Gerritsen HC, Weckhuysen BM. Integrated Transmission Electron and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Correlates Reactivity with Ultrastructure in a Single Catalyst Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular Biophysics; Department of Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics; Department of Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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8
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Ristanović Z, Kubarev AV, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Single Molecule Nanospectroscopy Visualizes Proton-Transfer Processes within a Zeolite Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13586-13596. [PMID: 27709925 PMCID: PMC5089756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing proton-transfer processes at the nanoscale is essential for understanding the reactivity of zeolite-based catalyst materials. In this work, the Brønsted-acid-catalyzed oligomerization of styrene derivatives was used for the first time as a single molecule probe reaction to study the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals in different zeolite framework, reactant and solvent environments. This was accomplished via the formation of distinct dimeric and trimeric fluorescent carbocations, characterized by their different photostability, as detected by single molecule fluorescence microscopy. The oligomerization kinetics turned out to be very sensitive to the reaction conditions and the presence of the local structural defects in zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals. The remarkably photostable trimeric carbocations were found to be formed predominantly near defect-rich crystalline regions. This spectroscopic marker offers clear prospects for nanoscale quality control of zeolite-based materials. Interestingly, replacing n-heptane with 1-butanol as a solvent led to a reactivity decrease of several orders and shorter survival times of fluorescent products due to the strong chemisorption of 1-butanol onto the Brønsted acid sites. A similar effect was achieved by changing the electrophilic character of the para-substituent of the styrene moiety. Based on the measured turnover rates we have established a quantitative, single turnover approach to evaluate substituent and solvent effects on the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V. Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Valencia D, Whiting GT, Bulo RE, Weckhuysen BM. Protonated thiophene-based oligomers as formed within zeolites: understanding their electron delocalization and aromaticity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2080-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06477e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier work, protonated thiophene-based oligomers were identified inside ZSM-5 zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Valencia
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Rosa E. Bulo
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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10
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Sprung C, Weckhuysen BM. Dispersion and orientation of zeolite ZSM-5 crystallites within a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particle. Chemistry 2014; 20:3667-77. [PMID: 24616006 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to selectively visualize the dispersion and orientation of zeolite ZSM-5 domains inside a single industrially applied fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst particle. Large ZSM-5 crystals served as a model system together with the acid-catalyzed fluorostyrene oligomerization reaction to study the interaction of plane-polarized light with these anisotropic zeolite crystals. The distinction between zeolite and binder material, such as alumina, silica, and clay, within an individual FCC particle was achieved by utilizing the anisotropic nature of emitted fluorescence light arising from the entrapped fluorostyrene-derived carbocations inside the zeolite channels. This characterization approach provides a non-invasive way for post-synthesis characterization of an individual FCC catalyst particle in which the size, distribution, orientation, and amount of zeolite ZSM-5 aggregates can be determined. It was found that the amount of detected fluorescence light originating from the stained ZSM-5 aggregates corresponds to about 15 wt %. Furthermore, a statistical analysis of the emitted fluorescence light indicated that a large number of the ZSM-5 domains appeared in small sizes of about 0.015-0.25 μm(2), representing single zeolite crystallites or small aggregates thereof. This observation illustrated a fairly high degree of zeolite dispersion within the FCC binder material. However, the highest amount of crystalline material was aggregated into larger domains (ca. 1-5 μm(2)) with more or less similarly oriented zeolite crystallites. It is clear that this visualization approach may serve as a post-synthesis quality control on the dispersion of zeolite ZSM-5 crystallites within FCC particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sprung
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 302511027
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11
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Whiting GT, Meirer F, Valencia D, Mertens MM, Bons AJ, Weiss BM, Stevens PA, de Smit E, Weckhuysen BM. Selective staining of Brønsted acidity in zeolite ZSM-5-based catalyst extrudates using thiophene as a probe. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21531-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brønsted acid site density dictates the reaction pathway in ZSM-5-based extrudates during thiophene oligomerization, visualized non-invasively in 3D using micro-spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Valencia
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld M. Mertens
- ExxonMobil Process Technology
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
- Annandale, USA
| | - Anton-Jan Bons
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe
- Inc
- European Technology Centre
- Hermeslaan 2
- B-1831 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Brian M. Weiss
- Corporate Strategic Research
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
- , USA
| | - Paul A. Stevens
- Corporate Strategic Research
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
- , USA
| | - Emiel de Smit
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe
- Inc
- European Technology Centre
- Hermeslaan 2
- B-1831 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Bordiga S, Groppo E, Agostini G, van Bokhoven JA, Lamberti C. Reactivity of Surface Species in Heterogeneous Catalysts Probed by In Situ X-ray Absorption Techniques. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1736-850. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, HCI E127 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry (LSK) Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Instituteaul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Aramburo LR, Karwacki L, Cubillas P, Asahina S, de Winter DAM, Drury MR, Buurmans ILC, Stavitski E, Mores D, Daturi M, Bazin P, Dumas P, Thibault-Starzyk F, Post JA, Anderson MW, Terasaki O, Weckhuysen BM. The Porosity, Acidity, and Reactivity of Dealuminated Zeolite ZSM-5 at the Single Particle Level: The Influence of the Zeolite Architecture. Chemistry 2011; 17:13773-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Catalytic activity in individual cracking catalyst particles imaged throughout different life stages by selective staining. Nat Chem 2011; 3:862-7. [PMID: 22024882 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the major conversion process used in oil refineries to produce valuable hydrocarbons from crude oil fractions. Because the demand for oil-based products is ever increasing, research has been ongoing to improve the performance of FCC catalyst particles, which are complex mixtures of zeolite and binder materials. Unfortunately, there is limited insight into the distribution and activity of individual zeolitic domains at different life stages. Here we introduce a staining method to visualize the structure of zeolite particulates and other FCC components. Brønsted acidity maps have been constructed at the single particle level from fluorescence microscopy images. By applying a statistical methodology to a series of catalysts deactivated via industrial protocols, a correlation is established between Brønsted acidity and cracking activity. The generally applicable method has clear potential for catalyst diagnostics, as it determines intra- and interparticle Brønsted acidity distributions for industrial FCC materials.
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15
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Mores D, Kornatowski J, Olsbye U, Weckhuysen BM. Coke Formation during the Methanol-to-Olefin Conversion: In Situ Microspectroscopy on Individual H-ZSM-5 Crystals with Different Brønsted Acidity. Chemistry 2011; 17:2874-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Karwacki L, de Winter DAM, Aramburo LR, Lebbink MN, Post JA, Drury MR, Weckhuysen BM. Architecture-Dependent Distribution of Mesopores in Steamed Zeolite Crystals as Visualized by FIB-SEM Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1294-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Karwacki L, de Winter DAM, Aramburo LR, Lebbink MN, Post JA, Drury MR, Weckhuysen BM. Architecture-Dependent Distribution of Mesopores in Steamed Zeolite Crystals as Visualized by FIB-SEM Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karwacki L, Weckhuysen BM. New insight in the template decomposition process of large zeolite ZSM-5 crystals: an in situUV-Vis/fluorescence micro-spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3681-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Parvulescu AN, Mores D, Stavitski E, Teodorescu CM, Bruijnincx PCA, Gebbink RJMK, Weckhuysen BM. Chemical imaging of catalyst deactivation during the conversion of renewables at the single particle level: etherification of biomass-based polyols with alkenes over H-Beta zeolites. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10429-39. [PMID: 20662520 DOI: 10.1021/ja102566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The etherification of biomass-based alcohols with various linear alpha-olefins under solvent-free conditions was followed in a space- and time-resolved manner on 9 microm large H-Beta zeolite crystals by confocal fluorescence microscopy. This allowed us to visualize the interaction with the substrate and distribution of the coke products into the catalyst at the level of an individual zeolite crystal during the etherification process. The spectroscopic information obtained on the micrometer-scale zeolite was in line with the results obtained with bulk characterization techniques and further confirmed by the catalytic results obtained both for micrometer-scale and nanoscale zeolites. This allowed us to explain the influence of the substrate type (glycerol, glycols, and alkenes) and zeolite properties (Si/Al ratio and particle size) on the etherification activity. The etherification of the biomass-based alcohols takes place mainly on the external surface of the zeolite particles. The gradual blockage of the external surface of the zeolite results in a partial or total loss of etherification activity. The deactivation could be attributed to olefin oligomerization. The high conversions obtained in the etherification of 1,2-propylene glycol with long linear alkenes (up to 80%) and the pronounced deactivation of the zeolite observed in the etherification of glycerol with long linear alkenes (max. 20% conversion) were explained by the spectroscopic measurements and is due to differences in the adsorption, i.e., in the center of the zeolite particle for glycerol and on the external surface in the case of glycols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Parvulescu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Beale AM, Jacques SDM, Weckhuysen BM. Chemical imaging of catalytic solids with synchrotron radiation. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4656-72. [PMID: 20978688 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis is a term normally used to describe a group of catalytic processes, yet it could equally be employed to describe the catalytic solid itself. A better understanding of the chemical and structural variation within such materials is thus a pre-requisite for the rationalising of structure-function relationships and ultimately to the design of new, more sustainable catalytic processes. The past 20 years has witnessed marked improvements in technologies required for analytical measurements at synchrotron sources, including higher photon brightness, nano-focusing, rapid, high resolution data acquisition and in the handling of large volumes of data. It is now possible to image materials using the entire synchrotron radiative profile, thus heralding a new era of in situ/operando measurements of catalytic solids. In this tutorial review we discuss the recent work in this exciting new research area and finally conclude with a future outlook on what will be possible/challenging to measure in the not-too-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beale
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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De Cremer G, Sels BF, De Vos DE, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ. Fluorescence micro(spectro)scopy as a tool to study catalytic materials in action. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4703-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stavitski E, Weckhuysen BM. Infrared and Raman imaging of heterogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4615-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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