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Chi C, Lian S, Zou Y, Chen B, He Y, Zheng M, Zhao Y, Wang H. Preparation, multi-scale structures, and functionalities of acetylated starch: An updated review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126142. [PMID: 37544556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated starch has been widely used as food additives. However, there was limited information available regarding the impact of acetylation on starch structure and functionalities, as well as the advanced acetylation technologies. This review aimed to summarize current methods for starch acetylation and discuss the structure and functionalities of acetylated starch. Innovative techniques, such as milling, microwave, pulsed electric fields, ultrasonic, and extrusion, could be employed for environmental-friendly synthesis of acetylated starch. Acetylation led to the degradation of starch structures and weakening of the interactions between starch molecules, resulting in the disorganization of starch multi-scale ordered structure. The introduction of acetyl groups retarded the self-reassembly behavior of starch, leading to increased solubility, clarity, and softness of starch-based hydrogels. Moreover, the acetyl groups improved water/oil absorption capacity, emulsifiability, film-forming properties, and colonic fermentability of starch, while reduced the susceptibility of starch molecules to enzymes. Importantly, starch functionalities were largely influenced by the decoration of acetyl groups on starch molecules, while the impact of multi-scale ordered structures on starch physicochemical properties was relatively minor. These findings will aid in the design of structured acetylated starch with desirable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdeng Chi
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Suyang Lian
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yiqing Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Mingmin Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yingting Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control, Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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2
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Alassmy YA, Abduljawad MM, Al‐shamrani KM, Alnafisah MS, El Nokab MEH, Pour ZA, Gomes DR, Yolcu S, Sebakhy KO. A green/sustainable organocatalytic pathway for the preparation of esterified supercritical
CO
2
‐dried potato starch products. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A. Alassmy
- National Center for Chemical Technologies King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan M. Abduljawad
- National Center for Chemical Technologies King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Al‐shamrani
- National Center for Chemical Technologies King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Alnafisah
- National Center for Chemical Technologies King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zahra Asgar Pour
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Diego R. Gomes
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Selin Yolcu
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Khaled O. Sebakhy
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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3
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Vidal NP, Bai W, Geng M, Martinez MM. Organocatalytic acetylation of pea starch: Effect of alkanoyl and tartaryl groups on starch acetate performance. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119780. [PMID: 35868756 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalytic acetylation of pea starch was systematically optimized using tartaric acid as catalyst. The effect of the degree of substitution with alkanoyl (DSacyl) and tartaryl groups (DStar) on thermal and moisture resistivity, and film-forming properties was investigated. Pea starch with DSacyl from 0.03 to 2.8 was successfully developed at more efficient reaction rates than acetylated maize starch. Nevertheless, longer reaction time resulted in granule surface roughness, loss of birefringence, hydrolytic degradation, and a DStar up to 0.5. Solid-state 13C NMR and SEC-MALS-RI suggested that tartaryl groups formed crosslinked di-starch tartrate. Acetylation increased the hydrophobicity, degradation temperature (by ~17 %), and glass transition temperature (by up to ~38 %) of pea starch. The use of organocatalytically-acetylated pea starch with DSacyl ≤ 0.39 generated starch-based biofilms with higher tensile and water barrier properties. Nevertheless, at higher DS, the incompatibility between highly acetylated and native pea starches resulted in a heterogenous/microporous structure that worsened film properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Vidal
- Center for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, AgroFood Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wenqiang Bai
- Center for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, AgroFood Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Mingwei Geng
- Center for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, AgroFood Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mario M Martinez
- Center for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, AgroFood Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
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4
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Direct organocatalytic thioglycolic acid esterification of cellulose nanocrystals: a simple entry to click chemistry on the surface of nanocellulose. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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5
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Organocatalytic esterification of polysaccharides for food applications: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Mariani A, Innocenti A, Varzi A, Passerini S. On the nanoscopic structural heterogeneity of liquid n-alkyl carboxylic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20282-20287. [PMID: 34486605 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02846d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first in-depth structural characterisation of simple linear carboxylic acids with alkyl tail length ranging from one to six carbon atoms. By means of the SWAXS technique, a pronounced nanoscopic heterogeneity evolving along the aliphatic portion of the molecule is highlighted. Via classical molecular dynamics, the origin of such heterogeneity is unambiguously assigned to the existence of aliphatic domains resulting from the self-segregation of the polar and apolar portions of the molecules. Furthermore, the structural correlation of aliphatic-separated polar domains is responsible for observing the so-called "pre-peak" in the SAXS region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mariani
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Alberto Varzi
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
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Otal EH, Kim ML, Hinestroza JP, Kimura M. A Solid-State Pathway towards the Tunable Carboxylation of Cellulosic Fabrics: Controlling the Surface's Acidity. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070514. [PMID: 34357164 PMCID: PMC8303120 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on a tunable solid-state approach to modify the acidity of cotton substrates using citric, oxalic, and fumaric acids. The first stage of the method involves soaking the cotton swatches in an ethanolic saturated solution of the corresponding acid. After drying, the carboxylation reaction proceeds at high temperature (T > 100 °C) and in solid state. We quantified the effect of temperature and reaction time on the solid-state carboxylation reaction, which allowed us to tune the carboxylation degree and the acidity of the surface. We characterized the modified cotton by performing adsorption isotherms and by determining the kinetics of adsorption of a cationic dye: methylene blue (MB). We found that the MB uptake kinetics varied as a function of the acidic strength of the surface, which is closely related to the strength of the acid used for surface modification. The proposed solid-state cotton carboxylation procedure allows us to achieve sustainable cotton modification, which constitutes a starting point for several applications using cotton as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio H. Otal
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda Campus, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
- Correspondence: (E.H.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Manuela L. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda Campus, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Juan P. Hinestroza
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Mutsumi Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda Campus, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
- COI Aqua-Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Ueda Campus, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Ueda Campus, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.H.O.); (M.K.)
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8
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Imre B, García L, Puglia D, Vilaplana F. Reactive compatibilization of plant polysaccharides and biobased polymers: Review on current strategies, expectations and reality. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 209:20-37. [PMID: 30732800 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our society is amidst a technological revolution towards a sustainable economy, focused on the development of biobased products in virtually all sectors. In this context, plant polysaccharides, as the most abundant macromolecules present in biomass represent a fundamental renewable resource for the replacement of fossil-based polymeric materials in commodity and engineering applications. However, native polysaccharides have several disadvantages compared to their synthetic counterparts, including reduced thermal stability, moisture absorption and limited mechanical performance, which hinder their direct application in native form in advanced material systems. Thus, polysaccharides are generally used in a derivatized form and/or in combination with other biobased polymers, requiring the compatibilization of such blends and composites. In this review we critically explore the current status and the future outlook of reactive compatibilization strategies of the most common plant polysaccharides in blends with biobased polymers. The chemical processes for the modification and compatibilization of starch and lignocellulosic based materials are discussed, together with the practical implementation of these reactive compatibilization strategies with special emphasis on reactive extrusion. The efficiency of these strategies is critically discussed in the context on the definition of blending and compatibilization from a polymer physics standpoint; this relies on the detailed evaluation of the chemical structure of the constituent plant polysaccharides and biobased polymers, the morphology of the heterogeneous polymeric blends, and their macroscopic behavior, in terms of rheological and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Imre
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lidia García
- Fundación Aitiip, Polígono Industrial Empresarium, C/Romero Nº 12, Zaragoza 50720, Spain; Tecnopackaging S.L., Polígono Industrial Empresarium, C/Romero Nº 12, Zaragoza 50720, Spain
| | - Debora Puglia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Xia Y, Zhao J. Macromolecular architectures based on organocatalytic ring-opening (co)polymerization of epoxides. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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11
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Organocatalytic copolymerization of mixed type monomers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Ávila Ramírez JA, Fortunati E, Kenny JM, Torre L, Foresti ML. Simple citric acid-catalyzed surface esterification of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1358-1364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Synthesis and Characterizations of Keplerate Nanocapsules Incorporating L- and D-Tartrate Ligands. J CLUST SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-017-1171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Xu J, Yang K, Li Z, Liu J, Sun H, Xu S, Wang H, Guo T, Dong H, Guo K. Tunable intramolecular H-bonding promotes benzoic acid activity in polymerization: inspiration from nature. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular H-bonding of ortho-amido group(s) tuned benzoic acid into strong Brønsted acid active in ring-opening polymerizations of lactones and trimethylene carbonate at room temperature in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Herui Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Songquan Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Haixin Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Tianfo Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - He Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
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15
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Ren Y, Wei Z, Leng X, Wang Y, Li Y. Boric acid as biocatalyst for living ring-opening polymerization of ε -caprolactone. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Ávila Ramírez JA, Suriano CJ, Cerrutti P, Foresti ML. Surface esterification of cellulose nanofibers by a simple organocatalytic methodology. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:416-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Xu J, Song J, Pispas S, Zhang G. Controlled/living ring-opening polymerization of ε
-caprolactone with salicylic acid as the organocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou People's Republic of China 510640
| | - Junzhe Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei People's Republic of China 230026
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave. 11635 Athens Greece
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou People's Republic of China 510640
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei People's Republic of China 230026
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18
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Kadota J, Pavlović D, Hirano H, Okada A, Agari Y, Bibal B, Deffieux A, Peruch F. Controlled bulk polymerization of l-lactide and lactones by dual activation with organo-catalytic systems. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Simple organocatalytic route for the synthesis of starch esters. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:349-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Gratzer K, Gururaja GN, Waser M. Towards Tartaric-Acid-Derived Asymmetric Organocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2013; 2013:4471-4482. [PMID: 24194674 PMCID: PMC3806311 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tartaric acid is one of the most prominent naturally occurring chiral compounds. Whereas its application in the production of chiral ligands for metal-catalysed reactions has been exhaustively investigated, its potential to provide new organocatalysts has been less extensively explored. Nevertheless, some impressive results, such as the use of TADDOLs as chiral H-bonding catalysts or of tartrate-derived asymmetric quaternary ammonium salt catalysts, have been reported over the last decade. The goal of this article is to provide a representative overview of the potential and the limitations of tartaric acid or TADDOLs in the creation of new organocatalysts and to highlight some of the most spectacular applications of these catalysts, as well as to summarize case studies in which other classes of chiral backbones were better suited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gratzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria, http://www.orc.jku.at/mwaser
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21
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Malik P, Chakraborty D. Hydrogen phosphates: Self initiated organocatalysts for the controlled ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Fèvre M, Pinaud J, Gnanou Y, Vignolle J, Taton D. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organocatalysts and structural components in metal-free polymer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2142-72. [PMID: 23288304 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has witnessed tremendous development in the past two decades: NHCs have not only become versatile ligands for transition metals, but have also emerged as powerful organic catalysts in molecular chemistry and, more recently, in metal-free polymer synthesis. To understand the success of NHCs, this review first presents the electronic properties of NHCs, their main synthetic methods, their handling, and their reactivity. Their ability to activate key functional groups (e.g. aldehydes, esters, heterocycles, silyl ketene acetals, alcohols) is then discussed in the context of molecular chemistry. Focus has been placed on the activation of substrates finding analogies with monomers (e.g. bis-aldehydes, multi-isocyanates, cyclic esters, epoxides, N-carboxyanhydrides, etc.) and/or initiators (e.g. hydroxy- or trimethylsilyl-containing reagents) employed in such "organopolymerisation" reactions utilizing NHCs. A variety of metal-free polymers, including aliphatic polyesters and polyethers, poly(α-peptoid)s, poly(meth)acrylates, polyurethanes, or polysiloxanes can be obtained in this way. The last section covers the use of NHCs as structural components of the polymer chain. Indeed, NHC-based photoinitiators, chain transfer agents or functionalizing agents, as well as bifunctional NHC monomer substrates, can also serve for metal-free polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maréva Fèvre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac cedex, France
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23
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Controlled/living ring-opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone catalyzed by phosphoric acid. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Kodama T, Moquist PN, Schaus SE. Enantioselective boronate additions to N-acyl quinoliniums catalyzed by tartaric acid. Org Lett 2011; 13:6316-9. [PMID: 22067040 DOI: 10.1021/ol2028702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tartaric acid catalyzes the asymmetric addition of vinylboronates to N-acyl quinoliniums, affording highly enantioenriched dihydroquinolines. The catalyst serves to activate the boronate through a ligand-exchange reaction and generates the N-acyl quinolinium in situ from the stable quinoline-derived N,O-acetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kodama
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Life Sciences and Engineering Building, Boston University, 24 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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