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Pérez-Botella E, Valencia S, Rey F. Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17647-17695. [PMID: 36260918 PMCID: PMC9801387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites have been widely used as catalysts, ion exchangers, and adsorbents since their industrial breakthrough in the 1950s and continue to be state-of the-art adsorbents in many separation processes. Furthermore, their properties make them materials of choice for developing and emerging separation applications. The aim of this review is to put into context the relevance of zeolites and their use and prospects in adsorption technology. It has been divided into three different sections, i.e., zeolites, adsorption on nanoporous materials, and chemical separations by zeolites. In the first section, zeolites are explained in terms of their structure, composition, preparation, and properties, and a brief review of their applications is given. In the second section, the fundamentals of adsorption science are presented, with special attention to its industrial application and our case of interest, which is adsorption on zeolites. Finally, the state-of-the-art relevant separations related to chemical and energy production, in which zeolites have a practical or potential applicability, are presented. The replacement of some of the current separation methods by optimized adsorption processes using zeolites could mean an improvement in terms of sustainability and energy savings. Different separation mechanisms and the underlying adsorption properties that make zeolites interesting for these applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Rey
- . Phone: +34 96 387 78 00.
Fax: +34 96 387 94
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2
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Synthesis and VOCs adsorption performance of surfactant-templated USY zeolites with controllable mesopores. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Pan Z, Yang J, Kong J, Loh XJ, Wang J, Liu Z. "Porous and Yet Dense" Electrodes for High-Volumetric-Performance Electrochemical Capacitors: Principles, Advances, and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103953. [PMID: 34796698 PMCID: PMC8811823 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-rapid miniaturization of portable, wearable electronics and Internet of Things, the volumetric performance is becoming a much more pertinent figure-of-merit than the conventionally used gravimetric parameters to evaluate the charge-storage capacity of electrochemical capacitors (ECs). Thus, it is essential to design the ECs that can store as much energy as possible within a limited space. As the most critical component in ECs, "porous and yet dense" electrodes with large ion-accessible surface area and optimal packing density are crucial to realize desired high volumetric performance, which have demonstrated to be rather challenging. In this review, the principles and fundamentals of ECs are first observed, focusing on the key understandings of the different charge storage mechanisms in porous electrodes. The recent and latest advances in high-volumetric-performance ECs, developed by the rational design and fabrication of "porous and yet dense" electrodes are then examined. Particular emphasis of discussions then concentrates on the key factors impacting the volumetric performance of porous carbon-based electrodes. Finally, the currently faced challenges, further perspectives and opportunities on those purposely engineered porous electrodes for high-volumetric-performance EC are presented, aiming at providing a set of guidelines for further design of the next-generation energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117574Singapore
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117574Singapore
| | - Zhaolin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore138634Singapore
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4
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Characterization of mesoporous region by the scanning of the hysteresis loop in adsorption–desorption isotherms. ADSORPTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-021-00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Filez M, Vesely M, Garcia‐Torregrosa I, Gambino M, Attila Ö, Meirer F, Katrukha EA, Roeffaers MBJ, Garrevoet J, Kapitein LC, Weckhuysen BM. Chemical Imaging of Hierarchical Porosity Formation within a Zeolite Crystal Visualized by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering and In-Situ Fluorescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13803-13806. [PMID: 33725373 PMCID: PMC8251824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introducing hierarchical porosity to zeolites is vital for providing molecular access to microporous domains. Yet, the dynamics of meso- and macropore formation has remained elusive and pore space ill-characterized by a lack of (in situ) microscopic tools sensitive to nanoporosity. Here, we probe hierarchical porosity formation within a zeolite ZSM-5 crystal in real-time by in situ fluorescence microscopy during desilication. In addition, we introduce small-angle X-ray scattering microscopy as novel characterization tool to map intracrystal meso- and macropore properties. It is shown that hierarchical porosity formation initiates at the crystal surface and propagates to the crystal core via a pore front with decreasing rate. Also, hierarchical porosity only establishes in specific (segments of) subunits which constitute ZSM-5. Such space-dependent meso- and macroporosity implies local discrepancies in diffusion, performance and deactivation behaviors even within a zeolite crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS)Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Martin Vesely
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ivan Garcia‐Torregrosa
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Özgün Attila
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eugene A. Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and BiophysicsFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8, 3584CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS)Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and BiophysicsFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8, 3584CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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6
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Filez M, Vesely M, Garcia‐Torregrosa I, Gambino M, Attila Ö, Meirer F, Katrukha EA, Roeffaers MBJ, Garrevoet J, Kapitein LC, Weckhuysen BM. Chemical Imaging of Hierarchical Porosity Formation within a Zeolite Crystal Visualized by Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering and In‐Situ Fluorescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Martin Vesely
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Garcia‐Torregrosa
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Özgün Attila
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A. Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics Faculty of Science Utrecht University Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics Faculty of Science Utrecht University Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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Abstract
Detailed analysis of textural properties, e.g., pore size and connectivity, of nanoporous materials is essential to identify correlations of these properties with the performance of gas storage, separation, and catalysis processes. The advances in developing nanoporous materials with uniform, tailor-made pore structures, including the introduction of hierarchical pore systems, offer huge potential for these applications. Within this context, major progress has been made in understanding the adsorption and phase behavior of confined fluids and consequently in physisorption characterization. This enables reliable pore size, volume, and network connectivity analysis using advanced, high-resolution experimental protocols coupled with advanced methods based on statistical mechanics, such as methods based on density functional theory and molecular simulation. If macro-pores are present, a combination of adsorption and mercury porosimetry can be useful. Hence, some important recent advances in understanding the mercury intrusion/extrusion mechanism are discussed. Additionally, some promising complementary techniques for characterization of porous materials immersed in a liquid phase are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thommes
- Institute of Separation Science and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany;
| | - C Schlumberger
- Institute of Separation Science and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany;
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8
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Shahid S, Baron GV, Denayer JF, Martens JA, Wee LH, Vankelecom IF. Hierarchical ZIF-8 composite membranes: Enhancing gas separation performance by exploiting molecular dynamics in hierarchical hybrid materials. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Huang Z, Grape ES, Li J, Inge AK, Zou X. 3D electron diffraction as an important technique for structure elucidation of metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Peng P, Gao XH, Yan ZF, Mintova S. Diffusion and catalyst efficiency in hierarchical zeolite catalysts. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1726-1742. [PMID: 34691504 PMCID: PMC8290962 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of hierarchical zeolites with reduced diffusion limitation and enhanced catalyst efficiency has become a vital focus in the field of zeolites and porous materials chemistry within the past decades. This review will focus on the diffusion and catalyst efficiency of hierarchical zeolites and industrial catalysts. The benefits of diffusion and catalyst efficiency at two levels of hierarchies (zeolitic component level and industrial catalyst level) from a chemical reaction engineering point of view will be analysed. At zeolitic component level, three types of mesopores based on the strategies applied toward enhancing the catalyst effectiveness factor are presented: (i) 'functional mesopores' (raising effective diffusivity); (ii) 'auxiliary mesopores' (decreasing diffusion length); and (iii) 'integrated mesopores' (a combination thereof). At industrial catalyst level, location and interconnectivity among the constitutive components are revealed. The hierarchical pore interconnectivity in multi-component zeolite based industrial catalysts is exemplified by fluid catalytic cracking and bi-functional hydroisomerization catalysts. The rational design of industrial zeolite catalysts at both hierarchical zeolitic component and catalyst body levels can be fully comprehended using the advanced in situ and/or operando spectroscopic, microscopic and diffraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Spectrochemistry (LCS), Normandy University, National Graduate School of Engineering of Caen (ENSICAEN), University of Caen (UNICAEN), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Caen 14000, France
| | - Xiong-Hou Gao
- Petrochemical Research Institute, China National Petroleum Company, Beijing 100195, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Spectrochemistry (LCS), Normandy University, National Graduate School of Engineering of Caen (ENSICAEN), University of Caen (UNICAEN), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Caen 14000, France
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11
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Choi J, Ogura M. Mesoporous Zeolite for Use as Dual-functional Heat-storage Adsorbent. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Choi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Masaru Ogura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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12
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Tao S, Li X, Wang X, Wei Y, Jia Y, Ju J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Gong S, Yao X, Gao H, Zhang C, Zang Q, Tian Z. Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Nanosized Single‐Crystal Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves from Highly Homogeneous and Concentrated Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yunling Jia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhui Cheng
- College of Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Huaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xingjun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Haixu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Cunyin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Zang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Tian
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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13
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Tao S, Li X, Wang X, Wei Y, Jia Y, Ju J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Gong S, Yao X, Gao H, Zhang C, Zang Q, Tian Z. Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Nanosized Single‐Crystal Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves from Highly Homogeneous and Concentrated Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3455-3459. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yunling Jia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhui Cheng
- College of Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Huaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xingjun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Haixu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Cunyin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Zang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell TechnologyLiaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Tian
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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14
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Bingre R, Losch P, Megías-Sayago C, Vincent B, Pale P, Nguyen P, Louis B. PFG-NMR as a Tool for Determining Self-Diffusivities of Various Probe Molecules through H-ZSM-5 Zeolites. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2874-2880. [PMID: 31502391 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of major zeolite applications is partially based on diffusion of molecules inside or outside microporous networks. However, it is still a challenge to measure such phenomena. The diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY) technique has been reported to measure a probe molecule's diffusion inside porous solids. Pulsed-field gradient (PFG)-NMR has been used herein to measure the self-diffusivity of different probe molecules, such as neopentane, benzene, toluene and 1-dodecene with increasing dynamic diameter, respectively, on a series of H-ZSM-5 zeolites. The latter materials exhibit different crystal sizes, Si/Al ratios and the presence (or absence) of crystalline defects. In addition, shaped zeolite bodies representing industrial catalysts were compared with the afore-mentioned samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogéria Bingre
- Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS - ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Pit Losch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Cristina Megías-Sayago
- Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS - ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institut de Chimie - UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Institut de Chimie - UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Saint-Gobain C.R.E.E., 550 Avenue Alphonse Jauffret, BP 224, 84306, Cavaillon cedex, France
| | - Benoît Louis
- Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS - ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg cedex, France
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15
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Quantitative Visual Characterization of Contaminant Metals and their Mobility in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach for characterization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts is proposed. This approach is based on computational visual analyses of images originating from field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies coupled with elemental mapping via electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The concept of contaminant metal mobility is defined and systematically studied through quantification of interparticle transfer and intraparticle penetration of the most common FCC contaminant metals (nickel, vanadium, iron, and calcium). This novel methodology was employed for practical quantification of intraparticle mobility via the Peripheral Deposition Index (PDI). For analyzing and quantifying interparticle mobility, a new index was developed and coined “Interparticle Mobility Index” or IMI. With the development and practical application of these two indices, this study offers the first standardized methodology for quantification of metals mobility in FCC. This novel systematic approach for analyzing metals mobility allows for improved troubleshooting of refinery-specific case studies and for more effective research and development in contaminant metals passivation in FCC catalysts.
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16
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Losch P, Joshi H, Stegmann N, Vozniuk O, Schmidt W. Studying Proton Mobility in Zeolites by Varying Temperature Infrared Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173199. [PMID: 31484400 PMCID: PMC6749307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a varying temperature infrared spectroscopic (VTIR) study with partial deuterium isotopic exchange as a method for characterizing proton mobility in acidic materials. This VTIR technique permits the estimation of activation energies for proton diffusion. Different acidic materials comprising classical proton-conducting materials, such as transition metal phosphates and sulfonated solids, as well as different zeolites, are tested with this new method. The applicability of the method is thus extended to a vast library of materials. Its underlying principles and assumptions are clearly presented herein. Depending on the temperature ranges, different activation energies for proton transfer are observed irrespective of the different materials. In addition to the well-studied transition metal phosphates, Si-rich zeolites appear to be promising proton-transfer materials (with Eact < 40 kJ mol−1) for application in high-temperature (>150 °C) PEM fuel cells. They significantly outperform Nafion and sulfonated silica, which exhibit higher activation energies with Eact ~ 50 and 120 kJ mol−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Losch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Hrishikesh Joshi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Niklas Stegmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Olena Vozniuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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17
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Linares N, De Oliveira Jardim E, Sharma G, Serrano E, Navrotsky A, García-Martínez J. Thermochemistry of Surfactant-Templating of USY Zeolite. Chemistry 2019; 25:10045-10048. [PMID: 31236993 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of understanding the thermochemistry of the introduction of mesoporosity in zeolites by using surfactants, high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry was used to determine the change in the enthalpy of formation of USY zeolite before and after the introduction of mesoporosity. Our results confirm that this process only slightly destabilizes the zeolite by the additional surface area. However, this can be overcome by the stabilizing effect of the interactions between the surfactant and the zeolite framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Linares
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, E-03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Erika De Oliveira Jardim
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, E-03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Geetu Sharma
- Peter A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and NEAT ORU Department, University of California Davis Institution, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Elena Serrano
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, E-03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alexandra Navrotsky
- Peter A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and NEAT ORU Department, University of California Davis Institution, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Javier García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, E-03690, Alicante, Spain
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18
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Losch P, Huang W, Vozniuk O, Goodman ED, Schmidt W, Cargnello M. Modular Pd/Zeolite Composites Demonstrating the Key Role of Support Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Character in Methane Catalytic Combustion. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pit Losch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Weixin Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Olena Vozniuk
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Emmett D. Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
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19
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Peng P, Sun SZ, Liu YX, Liu XM, Mintova S, Yan ZF. Combined alkali dissolution and re-assembly approach toward ZSM-5 mesostructures with extended lifetime in cumene cracking. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 529:283-293. [PMID: 29909358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The basis and contribution of mesopores created in ZSM-5 structures at different treatment conditions are systematically investigated. The results reveal that the mesopores originated from the alkali dissolution of pristine ZSM-5 are mainly intracrystalline and they contribute to excessive Brønsted acid sites, while the mesopores originated from the re-assembly of alkali dissolved aluminosilicate species possess Lewis acid sites. These ZSM-5 mesostructures showed an extended lifespan during the cracking of cumene (88.0%) in comparison to the pristine ZSM-5 (27.0%) after 460 min. The zeolite mesostructures obtained in this study could be used as a base for further design of new porous materials with desired acidic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Shu-Zhuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xin-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Zi-Feng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China.
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20
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Ishihara A, Tatebe K, Hashimoto T, Nasu H. Preparation of Silica, Alumina, Titania, and Zirconia with Different Pore Sizes Using Sol–Gel Method and Their Properties as Matrices in Catalytic Cracking. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishihara
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurima Machiya-Cho, Tsu-City, Mie Prefecture 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tatebe
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurima Machiya-Cho, Tsu-City, Mie Prefecture 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tadanori Hashimoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurima Machiya-Cho, Tsu-City, Mie Prefecture 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nasu
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurima Machiya-Cho, Tsu-City, Mie Prefecture 514-8507, Japan
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21
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Mehlhorn D, Rodriguez J, Cacciaguerra T, Andrei RD, Cammarano C, Guenneau F, Gedeon A, Coasne B, Thommes M, Minoux D, Aquino C, Dath JP, Fajula F, Galarneau A. Revelation on the Complex Nature of Mesoporous Hierarchical FAU-Y Zeolites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11414-11423. [PMID: 30188140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The texture of mesoporous FAU-Y (FAUmes) prepared by surfactant-templating in basic media is a subject of debate. It is proposed that mesoporous FAU-Y consists of: (1) ordered mesoporous zeolite networks formed by a surfactant-assisted zeolite rearrangement process involving local dissolution and reconstruction of the crystalline framework, and (2) ordered mesoporous amorphous phases as Al-MCM-41, which coexist with zeolite nanodomains obtained by a dissolution-reassembly process. By the present systematic study, performed with FAU-Y (Si/Al = 15) in the presence of octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 0 < NaOH/Si ratio < 0.25 at 115 °C for 20 h, we demonstrate that mesoporous FAU zeolites consist, in fact, of a complex family of materials with textural features strongly impacted by the experimental conditions. Two main families have been disclosed: (1) for 0.0625 < NaOH/Si < 0.10, FAUmes are ordered mesoporous materials with zeolite walls, which coexist with zeolite nanodomains (100-200 nm) and (2) for 0.125 < NaOH/Si < 0.25, FAUmes are ordered mesoporous materials with amorphous walls as Al-MCM-41, which coexist with zeolite nanodomains (5-100 nm). The zeolite nanodomains decrease in size with the increase of NaOH/Si ratio. Increasing NaOH/Si ratio leads to an increase of mesopore volume, while the total surface area remains constant, and to a decrease of strong acidity in line with the decrease of micropore volume. The ordered mesoporous materials with zeolite walls feature the highest acidity strength. The ordered mesoporous materials with amorphous walls present additional large pores (50-200 nm), which increase in size and amount with the increase of NaOH/Si ratio. This alkaline treatment of FAU-Y represents a way to obtain ordered mesoporous materials with zeolite walls with high mesopore volume for NaOH/Si = 0.10 and a new way to synthesize mesoporous Al-MCM-41 materials containing extralarge pores (50-200 nm) ideal for optimal diffusion (NaOH/Si = 0.25).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mehlhorn
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jeremy Rodriguez
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Cacciaguerra
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Radu-Dorin Andrei
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudia Cammarano
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Flavien Guenneau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, LCMCP, Collège de France , Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Antoine Gedeon
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, LCMCP, Collège de France , Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Benoit Coasne
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy) , CNRS and University Grenoble Alpes , 140 rue de la Physique, Domaine Universitaire, BP 87 , 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres Cedex, France
| | - Matthias Thommes
- Quantachrome Instruments , 1900 Corporate Drive , Boynton Beach , Florida 33426 , United States
| | | | - Cindy Aquino
- Total Research & Technology Feluy , 7181 Feluy , Belgium
| | | | - François Fajula
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne Galarneau
- ICGM UMR 5253 CNRS-Univ Montpellier-ENSCM , ENSCM 240 Avenue Pr E. Jeanbrau , 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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Linares N, Jardim EO, Sachse A, Serrano E, García-Martínez J. The Energetics of Surfactant-Templating of Zeolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8724-8728. [PMID: 29719104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporosity can be conveniently introduced into zeolites by treating them in basic surfactant solutions. The apparent activation energy involved in the formation of mesopores in USY by surfactant-templating was determined using a combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and ex situ gas adsorption. Additionally, techniques such as pH measurement and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis were employed to determine OH- evolution and cetyltrimethylammonium ion (CTA+ ) uptake during the development of mesoporosity, thereby providing information about the different steps involved. The combination of both in situ and ex situ techniques has allowed determination of the apparent activation energies of the different processes involved in the mesostructuring of USY zeolites for the first time. Apparent activation energies are of the same order of magnitude (30-65 kJ mol-1 ) as those involved in the crystallization of zeolites. Hence, important mechanistic insight into the surfactant-templating method was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Linares
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Erika O Jardim
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alexander Sachse
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Serrano
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain.,Rive Technology, Inc., 1 Deer Park Drive, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA
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23
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Linares N, Jardim EO, Sachse A, Serrano E, García‐Martínez J. The Energetics of Surfactant‐Templating of Zeolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Linares
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alicante Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n 03690 Alicante Spain
| | - Erika O. Jardim
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alicante Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n 03690 Alicante Spain
| | - Alexander Sachse
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alicante Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n 03690 Alicante Spain
| | - Elena Serrano
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alicante Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n 03690 Alicante Spain
| | - Javier García‐Martínez
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alicante Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n 03690 Alicante Spain
- Rive Technology, Inc. 1 Deer Park Drive Monmouth Junction NJ 08852 USA
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24
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Abstract
Crystal engineering relies upon the ability to predictively control intermolecular interactions during the assembly of crystalline materials in a manner that leads to a desired (and predetermined) set of properties. Economics, scalability, and ease of design must be leveraged with techniques that manipulate the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal nucleation and growth. It is often challenging to exact simultaneous control over multiple physicochemical properties, such as crystal size, habit, chirality, polymorph, and composition. Engineered materials often rely upon postsynthesis (top-down) processes to introduce properties that would otherwise be challenging to attain through direct (bottom-up) approaches. We discuss the application of crystal engineering to heterogeneous catalysts with a focus on four general themes: ( a) tailored nanocrystal size, ( b) controlled environments surrounding active sites, ( c) tuned morphology with well-defined facets, and ( d) hierarchical materials with disparate pore size and active site distributions. We focus on nonporous materials, including metals and metal oxides, and two classes of porous materials: zeolites and metal organic frameworks. We review novel synthesis methods involving synergistic experimental and computational design approaches, the challenges facing catalyst development, and opportunities for future advancement in crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, USA;
| | - Aseem Chawla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, USA;
| | - Thuy T Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, USA;
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25
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Wan W, Su J, Zou XD, Willhammar T. Transmission electron microscopy as an important tool for characterization of zeolite structures. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00806j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents various TEM techniques including electron diffraction, high-resolution TEM and scanning TEM imaging, and electron tomography and their applications for structure characterization of zeolite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Wan
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - J. Su
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - X. D. Zou
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - T. Willhammar
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
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26
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Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5 Zeolite in Hydrocarbon Cracking: A Review. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7120367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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27
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Qin Z, Cychosz KA, Melinte G, El Siblani H, Gilson JP, Thommes M, Fernandez C, Mintova S, Ersen O, Valtchev V. Opening the Cages of Faujasite-Type Zeolite. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17273-17276. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Qin
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France, 6 Bd Maréchal
Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Katie A. Cychosz
- Quantachrome Instruments, 1900 Corporate
Drive, Boynton Beach, Florida 33426, United States
| | - Georgian Melinte
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg 23, rue du Loess BP 43, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hussein El Siblani
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France, 6 Bd Maréchal
Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gilson
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France, 6 Bd Maréchal
Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Matthias Thommes
- Quantachrome Instruments, 1900 Corporate
Drive, Boynton Beach, Florida 33426, United States
| | - Christian Fernandez
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France, 6 Bd Maréchal
Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France, 6 Bd Maréchal
Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg 23, rue du Loess BP 43, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentin Valtchev
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France, 6 Bd Maréchal
Juin, 14000 Caen, France
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28
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Synthesis of a hierarchical ZSM-11/5 composite zeolite of high SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio and catalytic performance in the methanol-to-olefins reaction. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Blay V, Louis B, Miravalles R, Yokoi T, Peccatiello KA, Clough M, Yilmaz B. Engineering Zeolites for Catalytic Cracking to Light Olefins. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blay
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Universitat de València, Av.
de la Universitat, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Benoît Louis
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse,
Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67000 CEDEX Strasbourg, France
| | - Rubén Miravalles
- Centro de Tecnología Repsol, C/Agustín de Betancourt s/n, 28935 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Institute
of Innovative Research, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ken A. Peccatiello
- Peccatiello
Engineering,
Catalytic Cracking Solutions, LLC, Moriarity, New Mexico 87035, United States
| | - Melissa Clough
- BASF Refinery Catalysts, 11750 Katy Fwy. Ste. 120, Houston, Texas 77079, United States
| | - Bilge Yilmaz
- BASF Refinery Catalysts, 25 Middlesex-Essex
Tpk., Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
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30
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Synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites by solid-state crystallization and their catalytic properties. J Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Cychosz KA, Guillet-Nicolas R, García-Martínez J, Thommes M. Recent advances in the textural characterization of hierarchically structured nanoporous materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:389-414. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00391e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on important aspects of applying physisorption for the pore structural characterization of hierarchical materials such as mesoporous zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier García-Martínez
- University of Alicante
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Campus de San Vicente del Raspeig
- Alicante
- Spain
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32
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Abstract
This review presents the state-of-the-art of multiscale adsorption and transport in hierarchical porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Coasne
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- LIPHY
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
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33
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Verboekend D, Nuttens N, Locus R, Van Aelst J, Verolme P, Groen JC, Pérez-Ramírez J, Sels BF. Synthesis, characterisation, and catalytic evaluation of hierarchical faujasite zeolites: milestones, challenges, and future directions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3331-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of hierarchical faujasite catalysts is challenging yet rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Nuttens
- Department M2S
- K.U. Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - R. Locus
- Department M2S
- K.U. Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | | | - P. Verolme
- Delft Solids Solutions B.V
- 2291 NR Wateringen
- The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Groen
- Delft Solids Solutions B.V
- 2291 NR Wateringen
- The Netherlands
| | - J. Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - B. F. Sels
- Department M2S
- K.U. Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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34
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Koike N, Chaikittisilp W, Shimojima A, Okubo T. Surfactant-free synthesis of hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and diversified organic moieties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22926c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatility of the surfactant-free synthesis of hollow organosilica nanoparticles was shown in terms of particle diameters and organic moieties. The porous structures were investigated precisely by advanced adsorption–desorption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsume Koike
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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35
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Kim HH, Teramoto Y, Negishi N, Ogata A. A multidisciplinary approach to understand the interactions of nonthermal plasma and catalyst: A review. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mitchell S, Pinar AB, Kenvin J, Crivelli P, Kärger J, Pérez-Ramírez J. Structural analysis of hierarchically organized zeolites. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8633. [PMID: 26482337 PMCID: PMC4667694 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in materials synthesis bring about many opportunities for technological applications, but are often accompanied by unprecedented complexity. This is clearly illustrated by the case of hierarchically organized zeolite catalysts, a class of crystalline microporous solids that has been revolutionized by the engineering of multilevel pore architectures, which combine unique chemical functionality with efficient molecular transport. Three key attributes, the crystal, the pore and the active site structure, can be expected to dominate the design process. This review examines the adequacy of the palette of techniques applied to characterize these distinguishing features and their catalytic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mitchell
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana B. Pinar
- ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Laboratory of Crystallography, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Kenvin
- Micromeritics Instruments Corporation, Communications Drive 4356, Norcross, Georgia 30093-2901, USA
| | - Paolo Crivelli
- ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Institute for Particle Physics, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Kärger
- University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Margarit VJ, Martínez-Armero ME, Navarro MT, Martínez C, Corma A. Direct Dual-Template Synthesis of MWW Zeolite Monolayers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13724-8. [PMID: 26381669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional zeolite with the topology of MWW sheets has been obtained by direct synthesis with a combination of two organic structure-directing agents. The resultant material consists of approximately 70% single and double layers and displays a well-structured external surface area of about 300 m(2) g(-1). The delaminated zeolite prepared by means of this single-step synthetic route has a high delamination degree, and the structural integrity of the MWW layers is well preserved. The new zeolite material displayed excellent activity, selectivity, and stability when used as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with propylene and found to be superior to the catalysts that are currently used for producing cumene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente J Margarit
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, 46022 (Spain)
| | - Marta E Martínez-Armero
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, 46022 (Spain)
| | - M Teresa Navarro
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, 46022 (Spain)
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, 46022 (Spain)
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, 46022 (Spain). .,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 989, Dhahran 31261 (Saudi Arabia).
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38
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Vogt ETC, Weckhuysen BM. Fluid catalytic cracking: recent developments on the grand old lady of zeolite catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7342-70. [PMID: 26382875 PMCID: PMC4594121 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry, and the largest commercial catalytic process that uses zeolite materials.
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry. FCC currently produces the majority of the world's gasoline, as well as an important fraction of propylene for the polymer industry. In this critical review, we give an overview of the latest trends in this field of research. These trends include ways to make it possible to process either very heavy or very light crude oil fractions as well as to co-process biomass-based oxygenates with regular crude oil fractions, and convert these more complex feedstocks in an increasing amount of propylene and diesel-range fuels. After providing some general background of the FCC process, including a short history as well as details on the process, reactor design, chemical reactions involved and catalyst material, we will discuss several trends in FCC catalysis research by focusing on ways to improve the zeolite structure stability, propylene selectivity and the overall catalyst accessibility by (a) the addition of rare earth elements and phosphorus, (b) constructing hierarchical pores systems and (c) the introduction of new zeolite structures. In addition, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art micro-spectroscopy methods for characterizing FCC catalysts at the single particle level. These new characterization tools are able to explain the influence of the harsh FCC processing conditions (e.g. steam) and the presence of various metal poisons (e.g. V, Fe and Ni) in the crude oil feedstocks on the 3-D structure and accessibility of FCC catalyst materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T C Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Margarit VJ, Martínez-Armero ME, Navarro MT, Martínez C, Corma A. Direct Dual-Template Synthesis of MWW Zeolite Monolayers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Thomas JM, Leary RK, Eggeman AS, Midgley PA. The rapidly changing face of electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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Yun Y, Zou X, Hovmöller S, Wan W. Three-dimensional electron diffraction as a complementary technique to powder X-ray diffraction for phase identification and structure solution of powders. IUCRJ 2015; 2:267-82. [PMID: 25866663 PMCID: PMC4392419 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514028188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phase identification and structure determination are important and widely used techniques in chemistry, physics and materials science. Recently, two methods for automated three-dimensional electron diffraction (ED) data collection, namely automated diffraction tomography (ADT) and rotation electron diffraction (RED), have been developed. Compared with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and two-dimensional zonal ED, three-dimensional ED methods have many advantages in identifying phases and determining unknown structures. Almost complete three-dimensional ED data can be collected using the ADT and RED methods. Since each ED pattern is usually measured off the zone axes by three-dimensional ED methods, dynamic effects are much reduced compared with zonal ED patterns. Data collection is easy and fast, and can start at any arbitrary orientation of the crystal, which facilitates automation. Three-dimensional ED is a powerful technique for structure identification and structure solution from individual nano- or micron-sized particles, while powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) provides information from all phases present in a sample. ED suffers from dynamic scattering, while PXRD data are kinematic. Three-dimensional ED methods and PXRD are complementary and their combinations are promising for studying multiphase samples and complicated crystal structures. Here, two three-dimensional ED methods, ADT and RED, are described. Examples are given of combinations of three-dimensional ED methods and PXRD for phase identification and structure determination over a large number of different materials, from Ni-Se-O-Cl crystals, zeolites, germanates, metal-organic frameworks and organic compounds to intermetallics with modulated structures. It is shown that three-dimensional ED is now as feasible as X-ray diffraction for phase identification and structure solution, but still needs further development in order to be as accurate as X-ray diffraction. It is expected that three-dimensional ED methods will become crucially important in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Yun
- Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials and Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials and Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Hovmöller
- Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials and Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Wan
- Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials and Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Wei Y, Parmentier TE, de Jong KP, Zečević J. Tailoring and visualizing the pore architecture of hierarchical zeolites. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7234-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the different synthesis methods and microscopy techniques for tailoring and visualizing the pore architecture of hierarchical zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- Netherlands
| | - Tanja E. Parmentier
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- Netherlands
| | - Krijn P. de Jong
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- Netherlands
| | - Jovana Zečević
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- Netherlands
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43
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Prasomsri T, Jiao W, Weng SZ, Garcia Martinez J. Mesostructured zeolites: bridging the gap between zeolites and MCM-41. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8900-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature article critically reviews the use of surfactants to introduce controlled mesoporosity in zeolites and their commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqian Jiao
- Shanghai Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | | | - Javier Garcia Martinez
- Rive Technology, Inc
- Monmouth Junction
- USA
- Molecular Nanotechnology Lab
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
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44
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Galarneau A, Villemot F, Rodriguez J, Fajula F, Coasne B. Validity of the t-plot method to assess microporosity in hierarchical micro/mesoporous materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13266-74. [PMID: 25232908 DOI: 10.1021/la5026679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The t-plot method is a well-known technique which allows determining the micro- and/or mesoporous volumes and the specific surface area of a sample by comparison with a reference adsorption isotherm of a nonporous material having the same surface chemistry. In this paper, the validity of the t-plot method is discussed in the case of hierarchical porous materials exhibiting both micro- and mesoporosities. Different hierarchical zeolites with MCM-41 type ordered mesoporosity are prepared using pseudomorphic transformation. For comparison, we also consider simple mechanical mixtures of microporous and mesoporous materials. We first show an intrinsic failure of the t-plot method; this method does not describe the fact that, for a given surface chemistry and pressure, the thickness of the film adsorbed in micropores or small mesopores (< 10σ, σ being the diameter of the adsorbate) increases with decreasing the pore size (curvature effect). We further show that such an effect, which arises from the fact that the surface area and, hence, the free energy of the curved gas/liquid interface decreases with increasing the film thickness, is captured using the simple thermodynamical model by Derjaguin. The effect of such a drawback on the ability of the t-plot method to estimate the micro- and mesoporous volumes of hierarchical samples is then discussed, and an abacus is given to correct the underestimated microporous volume by the t-plot method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galarneau
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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