1
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Zhang Q, Liao X, Liu S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Tuning Particle Sizes and Active Sites of Ni/CeO2 Catalysts and Their Influence on Maleic Anhydride Hydrogenation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132156. [PMID: 35807992 PMCID: PMC9268467 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Supported metal catalysts are widely used in industrial processes, and the particle size of the active metal plays a key role in determining the catalytic activity. Herein, CeO2-supported Ni catalysts with different Ni loading and particle size were prepared by the impregnation method, and the hydrogenation performance of maleic anhydride (MA) over the Ni/CeO2 catalysts was investigated deeply. It was found that changes in Ni loading causes changes in metal particle size and active sites, which significantly affected the conversion and selectivity of MAH reaction. The conversion of MA reached the maximum at about 17.5 Ni loading compared with other contents of Ni loading because of its proper particle size and active sites. In addition, the effects of Ni grain size, surface oxygen vacancy, and Ni–CeO2 interaction on MAH were investigated in detail, and the possible mechanism for MAH over Ni/CeO2 catalysts was deduced. This work greatly deepens the fundamental understanding of Ni loading and size regimes over Ni/CeO2 catalysts for the hydrogenation of MA and provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the preparation of high-activity catalysts for MAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao Wang
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yin Zhang
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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2
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Baumann N, Lan J, Iannuzzi M. CO 2 adsorption on the pristine and reduced CeO 2 (111) surface: Geometries and vibrational spectra by first principles simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094702. [PMID: 33685147 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
First principles simulations of carbon dioxide adsorbed on the ceria (CeO2) (111) surface are discussed in terms of structural features, stability, charge transfer, and vibrational modes. For this purpose, different density functional theory methods, such as Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) PBE and Hubbard correction, hybrid functionals, and different basis sets have been applied and compared. Both the stoichiometric and the reduced (111) surfaces are considered, where the electronic structure of the latter is obtained by introducing oxygen vacancies on the topmost or the subsurface oxygen layer. Both the potential energy surfaces of the reduced ceria surface and the adsorbate-surface complex are characterized by numerous local minima, of which the relative stability depends strongly on the electronic structure method of choice. Bent CO2 configurations in close vicinity to the surface oxygen vacancy that partially re-oxidize the reduced ceria surface have been identified as the most probable stable minima. However, the oxygen vacancy concentration on the surface turns out to have a direct impact on the relative stability of possible adsorption configurations. Finally, the vibrational analyses of selected adsorbed species on both the stoichiometric and reduced surfaces show promising agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Jiang Y, Wang S, Xu J, Zheng M, Yang Y, Wu X, Xia C. Hydrogen Oxidation Pathway Over Ni-Ceria Electrode: Combined Study of DFT and Experiment. Front Chem 2021; 8:591322. [PMID: 33598447 PMCID: PMC7882610 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.591322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ni–ceria cermets are potential anodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, thanks to the catalytic activity and mixed conductivities of ceria-based materials associated with the variable valence states of cerium. However, the anodic reaction mechanism in the Ni–ceria systems needs to be further revealed. Via density functional theory with strong correlated correction method, this work gains insight into reaction pathways of hydrogen oxidation on a model system of Ni10-CeO2(111). The calculation shows that electrons tend to be transferred from Ni10 cluster to cerium surface, creating surface oxygen vacancies. Six pathways are proposed considering different adsorption sites, and the interface pathway proceeding with hydrogen spillover is found to be the prevailing process, which includes a high adsorption energy of −1.859 eV and an energy barrier of 0.885 eV. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation results are verified through experimental measurements including electrical conductivity relaxation and temperature programmed desorption. The contribution of interface reaction to the total hydrogen oxidation reaction reaches up to 98%, and the formation of Ni–ceria interface by infiltrating Ni to porous ceria improves the electrochemical activity by 72% at 800°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Changrong Xia
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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4
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Bao J, Liu W, Zhou Y, Li T, Wang Y, Liang S, Xue Y, Guo C, Zhang Y, Hu Y. Interface Nanoengineering of PdNi-S/C Nanowires by Sulfite-Induced for Enhancing Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2243-2251. [PMID: 31851479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial structural design of materials in nanoscale is a promising approach to regulate the physicochemical properties of materials and further optimize material properties for a variety of potential applications. Herein, PdNi-S/C nanowires with inductive sulfite has been successfully crafted through hydrothermal synthesis and applied as a superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. Based on the autocatalytic mechanism, PdNi alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by controlling reduction kinetics with the presence of formic acid. Meanwhile, the sulfite is selected as an effective inductive agent to form PdNi-S/C nanowires with amorphous interfaces. The morphology, composition, and electronic structure of the synthesized PdNi-S/C were studied in detail. The PdNi-S/C manifests excellent HER performance in alkaline solution with an overpotentials of 67 mV at current density of 10 mA cm-2, a Tafel slope of 69.4 mV dec-1, and significantly long-term durability. The improvement of HER performance of the PdNi-S/C is attributed to the one-dimensional nanowire structure, abundant sulfur vacancies and defects, and the synergistic effect between PdNi-S nanowires with the graphite carbon. Furthermore, this present work offers a novel method for structure adjustment of materials to effectively control their property and catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Bao
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Southeast University-Red Sun Research Center for Intelligent Industry, Red Sun Group , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
- Nanjing Guoxing Biotechnology Research Institute Co. LTD , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Southeast University-Red Sun Research Center for Intelligent Industry, Red Sun Group , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
- Nanjing Guoxing Biotechnology Research Institute Co. LTD , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
| | - Tongfei Li
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Southeast University-Red Sun Research Center for Intelligent Industry, Red Sun Group , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
- Nanjing Guoxing Biotechnology Research Institute Co. LTD , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Yi Xue
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Southeast University-Red Sun Research Center for Intelligent Industry, Red Sun Group , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
- Nanjing Guoxing Biotechnology Research Institute Co. LTD , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
| | - Chang Guo
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Southeast University-Red Sun Research Center for Intelligent Industry, Red Sun Group , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
- Nanjing Guoxing Biotechnology Research Institute Co. LTD , Nanjing 211300 , P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing , Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , Nanjing 211171 , P. R. China
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5
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Li L, Shi L, Yu X, Qing S, Gao Z, Luo Q, Feng G, Zhang R. Adsorption of Nin (n = 1‒4) clusters on perfect and O-defective CuAl2O4 surfaces: A DFT study. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Riley C, De La Riva A, Zhou S, Wan Q, Peterson E, Artyushkova K, Farahani MD, Friedrich HB, Burkemper L, Atudorei N, Lin S, Guo H, Datye A. Synthesis of Nickel‐Doped Ceria Catalysts for Selective Acetylene Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Riley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Microengineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Andrew De La Riva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Microengineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Shulan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute Jingdezhen 333403 China
| | - Qiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Eric Peterson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Microengineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Kateryna Artyushkova
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Microengineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Majid D. Farahani
- Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemistry and Physics Westville Campus University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Holger B. Friedrich
- Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemistry and Physics Westville Campus University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Laura Burkemper
- Center for Stable Isotopes University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Nicu‐Viorel Atudorei
- Center for Stable Isotopes University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Sen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Abhaya Datye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Microengineered Materials University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
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7
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The Template‐Free Synthesis of CuO@CeO
2
Nanospheres: Facile Strategy, Structure Optimization, and Enhanced Catalytic Activity toward CO Oxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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DFT insight into the support effect on the adsorption and activation of key species over Co catalysts for CO2 methanation. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Wei Q, Ma Q, Zuo P, Fan H, Qu S, Shen W. Hollow Structure and Electron Promotion Effect of Mesoporous Pd/CeO2
Catalyst for Enhanced Catalytic Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy Sciences; No. 27 Taoyuan South Road Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
| | - Qingxiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan 750021 P.R. China
| | - Pingping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy Sciences; No. 27 Taoyuan South Road Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
| | - Huailin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy Sciences; No. 27 Taoyuan South Road Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
| | - Shijie Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy Sciences; No. 27 Taoyuan South Road Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy Sciences; No. 27 Taoyuan South Road Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
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10
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Zhou X, Chu W, Sun W, Zhou Y, Xue Y. Enhanced interaction of nickel clusters with pyridinic-N (B) doped graphene using DFT simulation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Lustemberg PG, Ramírez PJ, Liu Z, Gutiérrez RA, Grinter DG, Carrasco J, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Ganduglia-Pirovano MV. Room-Temperature Activation of Methane and Dry Re-forming with CO2 on Ni-CeO2(111) Surfaces: Effect of Ce3+ Sites and Metal–Support Interactions on C–H Bond Cleavage. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G. Lustemberg
- Instituto de Física Rosario (IFIR, CONICET-UNR), Bv 27 de Febrero 210bis, S2000EZP Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pedro J. Ramírez
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Zongyuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11749, United States
| | - Ramón A. Gutiérrez
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - David G. Grinter
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11749, United States
| | - Javier Carrasco
- CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein
48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
| | - Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11749, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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12
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Zuo ZJ, Peng F, Huang W. Efficient Synthesis of Ethanol from CH 4 and Syngas on a Cu-Co/TiO 2 Catalyst Using a Stepwise Reactor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34670. [PMID: 27694944 PMCID: PMC5046147 DOI: 10.1038/srep34670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol synthesis from CH4 and syngas on a Cu-Co/TiO2 catalyst is studied using experiments, density functional theory (DFT) and microkinetic modelling. The experimental results indicate that the active sites of ethanol synthesis from CH4 and syngas are Cu and CoO, over which the ethanol selectivity is approximately 98.30% in a continuous stepwise reactor. DFT and microkinetic modelling results show that *CH3 is the most abundant species and can be formed from *CH4 dehydrogenation or through the process of *CO hydrogenation. Next, the insertion of *CO into *CH3 forms *CH3CO. Finally, ethanol is formed through *CH3CO and *CH3COH hydrogenation. According to our results, small particles of metallic Cu and CoO as well as a strongly synergistic effect between metallic Cu and CoO are beneficial for ethanol synthesis from CH4 and syngas on a Cu-Co/TiO2 catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Fen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
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13
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Xu H, Chu W, Sun W, Jiang C, Liu Z. DFT studies of Ni cluster on graphene surface: effect of CO2 activation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14009b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of CO2 can be significantly enhanced by Ni cluster deposited onto monovacancy graphene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Center for Catalytic Materials Engineering Technology
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Wei Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Center for Catalytic Materials Engineering Technology
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Wenjing Sun
- China-America Cancer Research Institute
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Medical University
- Dongguan
- China
| | - Chengfa Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Center for Catalytic Materials Engineering Technology
- Chengdu 610064
| | - Zhongqing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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14
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Yang J, Wang H, Zhao X, Li YL, Fan WL. Correlating the surface structure and hydration of a γ-Al2O3 support with the Run (n = 1–4) cluster adsorption behavior: a density functional theory study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory configurations consisting of Run (1–4) clusters on a γ-Al2O3 support are constructed to illustrate the effect of surface structure and hydration on adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Educating Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - H. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - X. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Y. L. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - W. L. Fan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Educating Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
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