1
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Tao Y, Hu R, Xie Z, Lin P, Su W. Cobalt-Catalyzed Regioselective para-Amination of Azobenzenes via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Hydrogen. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4724-4731. [PMID: 35290054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metal-catalyzed nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydrogen (SNArH) via coordination of the substituent on the aromatic ring to the metal catalyst, in terms of reactivity, substrate type, and reaction selectivity, complements the transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization that proceeds via C-H metalation but remains an elusive target. Described herein is the development of an unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed para-selective amination of azobenzenes, which is essentially a metal-promoted SNArH process as revealed by Hammett analysis, thus illustrating the concept that coordination of the substituent on the arene ring to the metal catalyst may result in electrophilic activation of the arene ring toward SNArH. This cobalt-catalyzed protocol allows the use of a variety of both aliphatic amines and anilines as aminating reagents, tolerates electronically diverse substituents of azobenzene, and furnishes the corresponding products in good yields with a regiospecific selectivity for para-amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zeyu Xie
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weiping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Mu B, Xia S, Wu L, Li J, Li Z, Wang Z, Wu J. Radical Esterification of Unactivated Alkenes Using Formate as Carbonyl Source. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4918-4925. [PMID: 35316060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, methyl formate has received considerable attention as an ideal and green C1 building block to synthesize carboxylic esters. However, examples of a one-step route to esters with one-carbon elongation using methyl formate as a source of methoxycarbonyl radical are still rare. Herein, we present peroxide-induced radical carbonylation of N-(2-methylallyl)benzamides with methyl formate as the precursor of methoxycarbonyl radical and RuCl3 as catalyst, affording a series of biologically valuable 4-[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinones with good tolerance and insensitivity to moisture in one pot under simple and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Mu
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.,College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, PR China
| | - Shiwei Xia
- Division of Molecular Catalysis & Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Linna Wu
- Division of Molecular Catalysis & Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jingya Li
- Leadmedpharm Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313100, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhongxian Li
- High & New Technology Research Center, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Zechao Wang
- Division of Molecular Catalysis & Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Junliang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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3
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Bary G, Jamil MI, Arslan M, Ghani L, Ahmed W, Ahmad H, Zaman G, Ayub K, Sajid M, Ahmad R, Huang D, Liu F, Wang Y. Regio- and stereoselective functionalization of alkenes with emphasis on mechanistic insight and sustainability concerns. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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5
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Dühren R, Kucmierczyk P, Schneider C, Jackstell R, Franke R, Beller M. Ruthenium-catalysed domino hydroformylation–hydrogenation–esterification of olefins. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01113h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic esters are made easily from acetic acid, olefins, and synthesis gas. In the presence of ruthenium–phosphine complexes novel domino-hydroformylation–hydrogenation–esterification proceeds in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Dühren
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Kucmierczyk
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universiät Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Schneider
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Jackstell
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universiät Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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6
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Dühren R, Kucmierczyk P, Jackstell R, Franke R, Beller M. Ruthenium-catalysed hydroxycarbonylation of olefins. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A ruthenium-catalysed hydroxycarbonylation of olefins. We report a ruthenium-catalysed hydroxycarbonylation of unfunctionalized olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kucmierczyk
- Evonik Operations GmbH
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Ruhr-Universiät Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
| | | | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Operations GmbH
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Ruhr-Universiät Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
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7
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Yamaguchi E, Tanaka W, Itoh A. Olefin Bifunctionalization: A Visible-light Photoredox-catalyzed Aryl Alkoxylation of Olefins. Chem Asian J 2018; 14:121-124. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals Synthetic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Wakako Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals Synthetic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Akichika Itoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals Synthetic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
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8
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Konishi H. Creation of Novel Toxic Gas Surrogates and the Development of Safe and Facile Catalytic Reactions. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:1-19. [PMID: 29311504 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of toxic gas surrogates in organic reactions instead of the gas itself contributes to enhancing the safety, practicality, and efficiency of the reactions involved. Our efforts toward the creation of toxic gas surrogates and the development of a series of catalytic reactions using these surrogates are described. Improvements in substrate scope during the hydroesterification of alkenes using formates facilitated by the Ru-imidazole catalyst system provided the opportunity to discover that phenyl formate is a useful carbon monoxide (CO) surrogate for the generation of CO and phenol under weakly basic conditions. This discovery triggered the development of highly reactive but stable CO surrogates and a variety of Pd-catalyzed carbonylative transformations. N-Formylsaccharin facilitated the use of additional nucleophiles in carbonylation reactions that provided access to a variety of carbonyl compounds. Detailed experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies into the generation of CO from phenyl formate suggest that CO generation proceeds via a concerted E2 α-elimination. Furthermore, a known surrogate of sulfur dioxide was applied for the first time to the selective syntheses of cyclic sulfonamides and sulfinamides, confirming that the surrogate operates as an "S=O" source. Notably, the reactions described herein are scalable and can be performed without the use of external toxic gases and specialized reaction vessels; they are easy and simple to perform and demonstrate enormous potential for industrial application.
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9
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Dai J, Ren W, Li J, Shi Y. An effective approach to aryl-substituted propanoic acids via the Pd-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of stilbenes. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective Pd(0)-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of substituted stilbenes with formic acid and HCOOPh is described. A variety of aryl-substituted propanoic acids are obtained in good yields without using external toxic CO gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Wenlong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Jingfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Yian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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10
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Konishi H, Matsubara M, Mori K, Tokiwa T, Arulmozhiraja S, Yamamoto Y, Ishikawa Y, Hashimoto H, Shigeta Y, Tokiwa H, Manabe K. Mechanistic Insight into Weak Base-Catalyzed Generation of Carbon Monoxide from Phenyl Formate and Its Application to Catalytic Carbonylation at Room Temperature without Use of External Carbon Monoxide Gas. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Konishi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mika Matsubara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Keisuke Mori
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Takaki Tokiwa
- Center for Computational Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Sundaram Arulmozhiraja
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ishikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Kei Manabe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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11
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Zhou Q, Phoa AF, Abbassi RH, Hoque M, Reekie TA, Font JS, Ryan RM, Stringer BW, Day BW, Johns TG, Munoz L, Kassiou M. Structural Optimization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Inhibitors Targeting Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinases (DYRK) and CDC-like kinases (CLK) in Glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2052-2070. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brett W. Stringer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Bryan W. Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Oncogenic
Signaling Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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12
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Chang W, Li J, Ren W, Shi Y. Pd-Catalyzed regioselective hydroesterification of 2-allylphenols to seven-membered lactones without external CO gas. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3047-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02663f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective Pd-catalyzed regioselective hydroesterification of 2-allylphenols with phenyl formate is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Jingfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Wenlong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Yian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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13
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Seidensticker T, Furst MRL, Frauenlob R, Vondran J, Paetzold E, Kragl U, Vorholt AJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aliphatic Alkenes withN,N-Dimethylformamide as an In Situ Source of CO. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seidensticker
- Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie, Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen; Technische Universität Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Marc R. L. Furst
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT); Albert Einstein Str. 29 A 18059 Rostock Germany
- University of Cape Town; Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research; South Lane Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Robin Frauenlob
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT); Albert Einstein Str. 29 A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Johanna Vondran
- Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie, Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen; Technische Universität Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Eckhard Paetzold
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT); Albert Einstein Str. 29 A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert Einstein Str. 3 A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie, Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen; Technische Universität Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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14
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Konishi H, Manabe K. Practical Synthetic Methods Utilizing Formic Acid Derivatives as Carbon Monoxide Sources. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kei Manabe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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15
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Li J, Chang W, Ren W, Liu W, Wang H, Shi Y. A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroesterification of alkenylphenols with phenyl formate. A facile approach to optically active dihydrocoumarins. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10341-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01431j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective palladium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroesterification of alkenylphenols with phenyl formate as a CO source is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Wenju Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Wenlong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Haining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Yian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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16
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Park WJ, Lee CH, Kim DS, Jun CH. A catalytic hydroesterification process using HCO2Na, Ru3(CO)12 and alcohols for the preparation of ester modified polybutadienes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14667-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chelation-assisted hydroesterification method for the preparation of modified polybutadiene was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seodaemun-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seodaemun-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seodaemun-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Jun
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seodaemun-gu
- Republic of Korea
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