1
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Defective graphitic carbon as a high chlorine conversion catalyst for methyl chloride production from methane. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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2
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Kim Y, Woo Y, Park H, Kim Y, Chae HJ, Park MJ. Kinetic Modeling of Direct Methane Chlorination in Both Free-Radical and Catalytic Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Woo
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Park
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Carbon Resources Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jeong Chae
- Carbon Resources Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-June Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang L, Diao J, Peng M, Chen Y, Cai X, Deng Y, Huang F, Qin X, Xiao D, Jiang Z, Wang N, Sun T, Wen X, Liu H, Ma D. Cooperative Sites in Fully Exposed Pd Clusters for Low-Temperature Direct Dehydrogenation Reaction. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangyong Diao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mi Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Cai
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Yoon W, Lee S, Noh Y, Park S, Kim Y, Ju Kim H, Chae H, Bae Kim W. Highly Selective Catalytic Dechlorination of Dichloromethane to Chloromethane over Al−Ti Mixed Oxide Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wongeun Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro Nam-gu Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro Nam-gu Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuseong Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro Nam-gu Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro Nam-gu Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Chemical & Process Technology Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Kim
- Chemical & Process Technology Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Jeong Chae
- Chemical & Process Technology Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro Nam-gu Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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5
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Bähr A, Diedenhoven J, Tüysüz H. Cl
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Adsorption and Desorption over Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Materials as an Indicator for Catalytic Phosgene Formation. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bähr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | | | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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6
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A Review of Methane Activation Reactions by Halogenation: Catalysis, Mechanism, Kinetics, Modeling, and Reactors. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane is the central component of natural gas, which is globally one of the most abundant feedstocks. Due to its strong C–H bond, methane activation is difficult, and its conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels has therefore been the pot of gold in the industry and academia for many years. Industrially, halogenation of methane is one of the most promising methane conversion routes, which is why this paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on methane activation by halogenation. Homogeneous gas phase reactions and their pertinent reaction mechanisms and kinetics are presented as well as microkinetic models for methane reaction with chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The catalysts for non-oxidative and oxidative catalytic halogenation were reviewed for their activity and selectivity as well as their catalytic action. The highly reactive products of methane halogenation reactions are often converted to other chemicals in the same process, and these multi-step processes were reviewed in a separate section. Recent advances in the available computational power have made the use of the ab initio calculations (such as density functional theory) routine, allowing for in silico calculations of energy profiles, which include all stable intermediates and the transition states linking them. The available literature on this subject is presented. Lastly, green processes and the production of fuels as well as some unconventional methods for methane activation using ultrasound, plasma, superacids, and light are also reviewed.
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7
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Koh K, Sanyal U, Lee M, Cheng G, Song M, Glezakou V, Liu Y, Li D, Rousseau R, Gutiérrez OY, Karkamkar A, Derewinski M, Lercher JA. Electrochemically Tunable Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer in Pd‐Catalyzed Benzaldehyde Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Koh
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Udishnu Sanyal
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Mal‐Soon Lee
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Guanhua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center TU München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Miao Song
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | | | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center TU München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Oliver Y. Gutiérrez
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Abhijeet Karkamkar
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Miroslaw Derewinski
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences 30-239 Cracow Poland
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center TU München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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8
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Koh K, Sanyal U, Lee MS, Cheng G, Song M, Glezakou VA, Liu Y, Li D, Rousseau R, Gutiérrez OY, Karkamkar A, Derewinski M, Lercher JA. Electrochemically Tunable Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Pd-Catalyzed Benzaldehyde Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1501-1505. [PMID: 31634416 PMCID: PMC7004174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acid functionalization of a carbon support allows to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of Pd to hydrogenate benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol proportional to the concentration of Brønsted‐acid sites. In contrast, the hydrogenation rate is not affected when H2 is used as a reduction equivalent. The different responses to the catalyst properties are shown to be caused by differences in the hydrogenation mechanism between the electrochemical and the H2‐induced hydrogenation pathways. The enhancement of electrocatalytic reduction is realized by the participation of support‐generated hydronium ions in the proximity of the metal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Koh
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Udishnu Sanyal
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Guanhua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, TU München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Miao Song
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | | | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, TU München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Oliver Y Gutiérrez
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Abhijeet Karkamkar
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Miroslaw Derewinski
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA.,Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239, Cracow, Poland
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, TU München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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9
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Zhao Q, Miao X, Yu J, Zhu Y. Covalent hyperbranched porous carbon nanospheres as a polymeric stationary phase for ion chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Diao J, Hu M, Lian Z, Li Z, Zhang H, Huang F, Li B, Wang X, Su DS, Liu H. Ti3C2Tx MXene Catalyzed Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation: Active Sites and Mechanism Exploration from both Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Diao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zan Lian
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaojin Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dang Sheng Su
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Mesoporous carbon doped with N,S heteroatoms prepared by one-pot auto-assembly of molecular precursor for electrocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Lin Y, Sun X, Su DS, Centi G, Perathoner S. Catalysis by hybrid sp2/sp3nanodiamonds and their role in the design of advanced nanocarbon materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8438-8473. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid sp2/sp3nanocarbons, in particular sp3-hybridized ultra-dispersed nanodiamonds and derivative materials, such as the sp3/sp2-hybridized bucky nanodiamonds and sp2-hybridized onion-like carbons, represent a rather interesting class of catalysts still under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Lin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion
- Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Dang Sheng Su
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Gabriele Centi
- University of Messina
- ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM
- Dept.s MIFT – Industrial Chemistry
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | - Siglinda Perathoner
- University of Messina
- Dept.s ChiBioFarAm – Industrial Chemistry
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
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13
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Gupta NK, Peng B, Haller GL, Ember EE, Lercher JA. Nitrogen Modified Carbon Nano-Materials as Stable Catalysts for Phosgene Synthesis. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navneet K. Gupta
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Bo Peng
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Gary L. Haller
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Erika E. Ember
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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14
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Pappas GS, Ferrari S, Huang X, Bhagat R, Haddleton DM, Wan C. Heteroatom Doped-Carbon Nanospheres as Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9010035. [PMID: 28787835 PMCID: PMC5456559 DOI: 10.3390/ma9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Long cycle performance is a crucial requirement in energy storage devices. New formulations and/or improvement of “conventional” materials have been investigated in order to achieve this target. Here we explore the performance of a novel type of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) with three heteroatom co-doped (nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur) and high specific surface area as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The CNSs were obtained from carbonization of highly-crosslinked organo (phosphazene) nanospheres (OPZs) of 300 nm diameter. The OPZs were synthesized via a single and facile step of polycondensation reaction between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′-sulphonyldiphenol (BPS). The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed a high heteroatom-doping content in the structure of CNSs while the textural evaluation from the N2 sorption isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores and a high specific surface area of 875 m2/g. The CNSs anode showed remarkable stability and coulombic efficiency in a long charge–discharge cycling up to 1000 cycles at 1C rate, delivering about 130 mA·h·g−1. This study represents a step toward smart engineering of inexpensive materials with practical applications for energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Pappas
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Rohit Bhagat
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Chaoying Wan
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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