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Tang S, Lin BL, Tonks I, Eagan JM, Ni X, Nozaki K. Sustainable Copolymer Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide and Butadiene. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3590-3607. [PMID: 38478849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has long been recognized as an ideal C1 feedstock comonomer for producing sustainable materials because it is renewable, abundant, and cost-effective. However, activating CO2 presents a significant challenge because it is highly oxidized and stable. A CO2/butadiene-derived δ-valerolactone (EVP), generated via palladium-catalyzed telomerization between CO2 and butadiene, has emerged as an attractive intermediate for producing sustainable copolymers from CO2 and butadiene. Owing to the presence of two active carbon-carbon double bonds and a lactone unit, EVP serves as a versatile intermediate for creating sustainable copolymers with a CO2 content of up to 29 wt % (33 mol %). In this Review, advances in the synthesis of copolymers from CO2 and butadiene with divergent structures through various polymerization protocols have been summarized. Achievements made in homo- and copolymerization of EVP or its derivatives are comprehensively reviewed, while the postmodification of the obtained copolymers to access new polymers are also discussed. Meanwhile, potential applications of the obtained copolymers are also discussed. The literature references were sorted into sections based on polymerization strategies and mechanisms, facilitating readers in gaining a comprehensive view of the present chemistry landscape and inspiring innovative approaches to synthesizing novel CO2-derived copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo-Lin Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ian Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - James M Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United State
| | - Xufeng Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Li Z, Tang S. Functional and Degradable Polyester- co-polyethers from CO 2, Butadiene, and Epoxides. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:315-321. [PMID: 38382063 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2), as a renewable and nontoxic C1 feedstock, has been recognized as an ideal comonomer to prepare sustainable materials. In this regard, substantial focus has been dedicated to the ring-opening copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides, which results in the creation of aliphatic polycarbonates in most cases. Here, we report an unprecedented strategy to synthesize functional and degradable polyester-co-polyethers from CO2, butadiene, and epoxides via a CO2/butadiene-derived δ-valerolactone intermediate (EVP). Utilizing a chromium salen complex as the catalyst, the copolymerization of EVP and epoxides was successfully achieved to produce CO2/butadiene/epoxide terpolymers. The obtained polyester-co-polyethers with varied 39-93 mol % EVP content (equal to 18-28 wt % CO2 incorporation) show high thermal stability, tunable glass-transition temperatures, on-demand functionality, and good chemical degradability. This method extends the potential to access functional CO2-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaokun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Eagan JM. The Divergent Reactivity of Lactones Derived from Butadiene and Carbon Dioxide in Macromolecular Synthesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200348. [PMID: 35856259 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide and 1,3-butadiene into unsaturated lactone monomers provides an efficient route for converting sustainable carbon feedstocks into novel macromolecules. The chemical reactivity of this monomer is reviewed in order to highlight the many viable mechanistic pathways. Polymerization strategies, monomer alterations, and post-polymerization modifications are covered. The polymerization methods include radical, coordination, conjugate addition, ring-opening, olefin metathesis, and thiol-ene chemistries. Materials derived from these processes possess a wide range of function including responsiveness, degradability, adhesion, recyclability, and self-assembly. These aspects along with the advances in polymer chemistry that make them possible are discussed, along with a perspective on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
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4
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Rapagnani RM, Tonks IA. 3-Ethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (EVP): a versatile CO 2-derived lactone platform for polymer synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9586-9593. [PMID: 35972017 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Ethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (EVP) is a CO2-derived lactone synthesized via Pd-catalyzed telomerization of butadiene. As EVP is 28.9% by weight CO2, it has received significant recent attention as an intermediary for the synthesis of high CO2-content polymers. This article provides an overview of strategies for the polymerization of EVP to a wide variety of polymer structures, ranging from radical polymerizations to ring-opening polymerizations, that each take unique advantage of the highly functionalized lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Rapagnani
- University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Ian A Tonks
- University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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5
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Yang Z, Shen C, Dong K. Hydroxyl group‐enabled highly efficient ligand for Pd‐catalyzed telomerization of 1,3‐butadiene with
CO
2
. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Kaiwu Dong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
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6
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Tunable and recyclable polyesters from CO 2 and butadiene. Nat Chem 2022; 14:877-883. [PMID: 35760958 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is inexpensive and abundant, and its prevalence as waste makes it attractive as a sustainable chemical feedstock. Although there are examples of copolymerizations of CO2 with high-energy monomers, the direct copolymerization of CO2 with olefins has not been reported. Here an alternative route to functionalizable, recyclable polyesters derived from CO2, butadiene and hydrogen via an intermediary lactone, 3-ethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one, is described. Catalytic ring-opening polymerization of the lactone by 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene yields polyesters with molar masses up to 13.6 kg mol-1 and pendent vinyl side chains that can undergo post-polymerization functionalization. The polymer has a low ceiling temperature of 138 °C, allowing for facile chemical recycling, and is inherently biodegradable under aerobic aqueous conditions (OECD-301B protocol). These results show that a well-defined polyester can be derived from CO2, olefins and hydrogen, expanding access to new polymer feedstocks that were once considered unfeasible.
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7
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Tang S, Nozaki K. Advances in the Synthesis of Copolymers from Carbon Dioxide, Dienes, and Olefins. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1524-1532. [PMID: 35612595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon dioxide (CO2) has long been considered a sustainable comonomer for polymer synthesis due to its abundance, easy availability, and low toxicity. Polymer synthesis from CO2 is highly attractive and has received continuous interest from synthetic chemists. In this regard, alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides is one of the most well-established methods to synthesize aliphatic polycarbonates. Moreover, binucleophiles including diols, diamines, amino alcohols, and diynes have been reported to copolymerize with CO2 to give polycarbonates, polyureas, polyurethanes, and polyesters, respectively. Nevertheless, little success has been made for incorporating CO2 into the most widely used polyolefin materials.Although extensive studies have been focused on the copolymerization of olefins and CO2, most of the attempted reactions resulted in olefin homopolymerization owing to the endothermic property and high energy barriers of CO2 insertion during the chain propagation process. In this Account, we show how this challenge is addressed by taking advantage of a metastable lactone intermediate, 3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (EVP), which is produced from CO2 and butadiene via palladium catalysis. Homopolymerization of EVP furnishes CO2/butadiene copolymers with up to 29 wt % of CO2 content. This reaction strategy represents a breakthrough for the long-standing challenge of inherent kinetic and thermodynamically unfavorable CO2/olefin copolymerization. A new class of polymeric materials bearing repeating bicyclic lactone and unsaturated lactone units can be obtained. Importantly, one-pot copolymerization of CO2/butadiene or terpolymerization of CO2/butadiene/diene can be achieved to afford copolymers through a two-step reaction protocol. Interestingly, the bicyclic lactone units in the polymer chain can undergo ring-opening through hydrolysis and aminolysis, while reversible ring-closing of the hydrolyzed or aminolyzed units was also achieved simply by heating.Over the past few years, more and more studies have utilized EVP as an intermediate to synthesize copolymers from olefins, butadiene, and CO2. Recently, we successfully incorporated CO2 into the most widely used polyethylene materials via the direct copolymerization of EVP and ethylene. Taking advantage of the bifunctional reactivity of EVP, we were able to access two types of main-chain-functionalized polyethylenes through palladium-catalyzed coordination/insertion copolymerization and radical copolymerization. Besides polyethylenes, CO2 was also incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), polystyrene, polymethyl acrylate, polyvinylchloroacetate, and poly(vinyl acetate) materials via radical copolymerization of EVP and olefin monomers. The EVP/olefin copolymerization strategy provides a novel avenue for the synthesis of highly versatile copolymers from an olefin, CO2, and butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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8
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Hill MR, Tang S, Masada K, Hirooka Y, Nozaki K. Incorporation of CO 2-Derived Bicyclic Lactone into Conventional Vinyl Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1-Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1-Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Koichiro Masada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1-Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yuko Hirooka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1-Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1-Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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9
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Song J, Chen K, Feng Y, Ni X, Ling J. One‐pot orthogonal thiol‐ene click polymerization and ring‐opening grafting reaction of CO
2
‐based disubstituted δ‐valerolactone. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Kaihao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yuanhao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xufeng Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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10
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Lou Y, Xu L, Gan N, Sun Y, Lin B. Chemically Recyclable Polyesters from CO2, H2 and 1,3-Butadiene. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100216. [PMID: 35243470 PMCID: PMC8881707 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically recyclable solid polymeric materials with commercializable properties only using CO2 and inexpensive bulk chemicals as chemical feedstock can open a brand-new avenue to economically viable, large-scale fixation of CO2 over a long period of time. Despite previous great advancements, development of such a kind of CO2-based polymers remains a long-term unsolved research challenge of great significance. Herein, we reported the first methodology to polymerize six-membered lactone with two substituents vicinal to the ester group (HL), a compound previously found to be non-polymerizable. The present methodology enables the first synthesis of chemically recyclable solid polyesters (polyHL) with a high CO2 content (28 wt %) and large molecular weights (Mn up to 613.8 kg mol−1). Transparent membranes with promising pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) properties comparable with their commercial counterparts can be conveniently fabricated from the polyesters. Mechanistic studies indicate that rigorous removal of water impurity is the key to the successful polymerization of the relatively inert disubstituted six-membered lactone. A complete monomer recovery from polyHL was also successfully achieved under mild catalytic conditions. The synthesis of polyHL only requires CO2 and two inexpensive bulk chemicals, H2 and 1,3-butadiene, as the starting materials, thus providing a new strategy for potential scalable chemical utilization of CO2 with desirable economic values and concomitant mitigation of CO2 emissions. This work should inspire future research to make useful new solid CO2-based polymers that can meaningfully increase the scale of chemical utilization of CO2 and promote the contribution of chemical utilization of CO2 to global mitigation of CO2 emissions. CO2-based recyclable polymers are promising in reducing CO2 emission and pollution Disubstituted δ-lactone, a previously non-polymerizable monomer, was polymerized Complete monomer recovery was successfully achieved via chemical recycling process CO2 constitutes 28% of the weight of newly designed chemically recyclable polymers The polymers show pressure-sensitive adhesive property comparable to commercial tapes
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11
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Veltri L, Amuso R, Mancuso R, Gabriele B. Advances in Palladium-Catalyzed Carboxylation Reactions. Molecules 2022; 27:262. [PMID: 35011494 PMCID: PMC8746634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this short review, we highlight the advancements in the field of palladium-catalyzed carbon dioxide utilization for the synthesis of high value added organic molecules. The review is structured on the basis of the kind of substrate undergoing the Pd-catalyzed carboxylation process. Accordingly, after the introductory section, the main sections of the review will illustrate Pd-catalyzed carboxylation of olefinic substrates, acetylenic substrates, and other substrates (aryl halides and triflates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Veltri
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (R.A.); (R.M.)
| | | | | | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (R.A.); (R.M.)
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12
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Tang S, Zhao Y, Nozaki K. Accessing Divergent Main-Chain-Functionalized Polyethylenes via Copolymerization of Ethylene with a CO 2/Butadiene-Derived Lactone. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17953-17957. [PMID: 34669422 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been used as a sustainable comonomer in the synthesis of different functional polymers including polycarbonates, polyurea, and polyurethane. Until today, despite the great interest, little success has been made for incorporating CO2 into the most widely used polyethylene materials. Herein, we report the incorporation of CO2 to polyethylenes through the copolymerization of ethylene with a CO2/butadiene-derived lactone, 3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (EVP). Two-types of main-chain-functionalized polyethylenes can be synthesized through different copolymerization strategies. Palladium-catalyzed coordination/insertion copolymerization furnished polyethylenes bearing unsaturated lactones, while radical copolymerization afforded polyethylenes bearing bicyclic lactones. Modification of the polyethylene chains was successfully accomplished through Michael addition or aminolysis. This highly versatile copolymerization protocol provides access to a diverse range of polyethylene materials made from ethylene, CO2, and 1,3-butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1- Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1- Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1- Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Tortajada A, Börjesson M, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Carboxylation and Amidation Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3941-3952. [PMID: 34586783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity and importance of carboxylic acids and amides in peptides, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and synthetic materials has challenged chemists to design de novo catalytic carboxylation and amidation protocols. They represent a powerful alternative to canonical oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, hydrolysis of nitriles, transamidation reactions, or condensation techniques for the synthesis of these functional groups. Among various scenarios, the recent years have witnessed considerable advances in Ni-catalyzed reductive carboxylation and amidation reactions utilizing carbon dioxide and isocyanate counterparts. This Account aims to highlight the progress made in this arena with a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the methodologies that have emanated from our laboratories without losing sight of the underlying principles by which these reactions operate, with the ultimate goal of allowing the transition from comprehension to prediction in this exciting field.Unlike the utilization of conventional polar yet highly reactive organometallic reagents in carboxylation or amidation reactions, the utilization of nickel catalysts has allowed the use of carbon dioxide and isocyanates with less reactive and less-polarized counterparts for the formations of carboxylic acids and amides. These less reactive groups include organic halides and pseudohalides (i.e., alkyl bromides and chlorides, esters, alcohols, and ammonium salts), unsaturated hydrocarbons (i.e., alkynes, styrenes, unactivated alkenes, and dienes) or even C-H bonds, where forging the targeted C-C bond at previously unfunctionalized C-H linkages was possible, thus giving access to densely functionalized compounds that would be difficult to access otherwise. The C-H functionalization includes chain-walking scenarios, where subtle changes in the ligand and reaction conditions marked the selectivity of the transformations, and reactions via a [1,4]-Ni shift, where selective carboxylation in aromatic rings could be achieved. Conceptuality and practicality aside, these transformations have even offered the possibility of modulating and dictating the site-selectivity pattern, thus providing not only new vistas when controlling the selectivity of bond-forming reactions at specific sites within the side chain but also new knowledge in retrosynthetic analysis when accessing carboxylic acids and amide backbones. Importantly, these techniques have shown to be particularly suited for the preparation of isotopically labeled molecules when using 13CO2 or even 14CO2, thus becoming a useful endeavor in the drug discovery pipeline. Although mechanistic understanding at the molecular level still constitutes the "Achilles heel" of these transformations, the recent empirical discoveries and the rapid adoption of these protocols by the community augurs well for the widespread utilization of reductive carboxylation and amidation reactions in both academic and industrial laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Nozaki K. New Polymers Made from Carbon Dioxide and Alkenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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15
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Wang J, Feng X, Song J, Gao Z, Wang W, Bao M. The Ultrasmall Palladium Nanoparticles Catalyzed Telomerization of CO
2
with 1,3‐Butadiene at Room Temperature: Selective Synthesis of
δ
‐Lactone. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jiliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Zhanming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
| | - Wan‐Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
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16
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Scholten PBV, Moatsou D, Detrembleur C, Meier MAR. Progress Toward Sustainable Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000266. [PMID: 32686239 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent focus of media and governments on renewability, green chemistry, and circular economy has led to a surge in the synthesis of renewable monomers and polymers. In this review, focussing on renewable monomers for reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP), it is highlighted that for the majority of the monomers and polymers reported, the claim to renewability is not always accurate. By closely examining the sustainability of synthetic routes and the renewability of starting materials, fully renewable monomers are identified and discussed in terms of sustainability, polymerization behavior, and properties obtained after polymerization. The holistic discussion considering the overall preparation process of polymers, that is, monomer syntheses, origin of starting materials, solvents used, the type of RDRP technique utilized, and the purification method, allows to highlight certain topics which need to be addressed in order to progress toward not only (partially) renewable, but sustainable monomers and polymers using RDRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B V Scholten
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, Liege, 4000, Belgium.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum MZE, Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Dafni Moatsou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum MZE, Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, Liege, 4000, Belgium
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum MZE, Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.,Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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17
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Ring-opening (co)polymerization of six-membered substituted δ-valerolactones with alkali metal alkoxides. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Zhang Y, Xia J, Song J, Zhang J, Ni X, Jian Z. Combination of Ethylene, 1,3-Butadiene, and Carbon Dioxide into Ester-Functionalized Polyethylenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling and Insertion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial
Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and
Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiawen Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Provincial
Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and
Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xufeng Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
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19
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Faßbach TA, Vorholt AJ, Leitner W. The Telomerization of 1,3-Dienes - A Reaction Grows Up. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo A. Faßbach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Department for Molecular Catalysis; Stiftstraße 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Department for Molecular Catalysis; Stiftstraße 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Department for Molecular Catalysis; Stiftstraße 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
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20
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Grignard B, Gennen S, Jérôme C, Kleij AW, Detrembleur C. Advances in the use of CO 2 as a renewable feedstock for the synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4466-4514. [PMID: 31276137 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00047j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide offers an accessible, cheap and renewable carbon feedstock for synthesis. Current interest in the area of carbon dioxide valorisation aims at new, emerging technologies that are able to provide new opportunities to turn a waste into value. Polymers are among the most widely produced chemicals in the world greatly affecting the quality of life. However, there are growing concerns about the lack of reuse of the majority of the consumer plastics and their after-life disposal resulting in an increasing demand for sustainable alternatives. New monomers and polymers that can address these issues are therefore warranted, and merging polymer synthesis with the recycling of carbon dioxide offers a tangible route to transition towards a circular economy. Here, an overview of the most relevant and recent approaches to CO2-based monomers and polymers are highlighted with particular emphasis on the transformation routes used and their involved manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Grignard
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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21
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Dabral S, Schaub T. The Use of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as a Building Block in Organic Synthesis from an Industrial Perspective. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Dabral
- Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa); Im Neuenheimer Feld 584 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas Schaub
- Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa); Im Neuenheimer Feld 584 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- BASF SE; Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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22
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Chen L, Ling J, Ni X, Shen Z. Synthesis and Properties of Networks Based on Thiol-ene Chemistry Using a CO2
-Based δ-Lactone. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800395. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xufeng Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhiquan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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23
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Tortajada A, Ninokata R, Martin R. Ni-Catalyzed Site-Selective Dicarboxylation of 1,3-Dienes with CO2. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2050-2053. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ryo Ninokata
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Vogelsang D, Raumann BA, Hares K, Vorholt AJ. From Carboxytelomerization of 1,3-Butadiene to Linear α,ω-C10
-Diester Combinatoric Approaches for an Efficient Synthetic Route. Chemistry 2018; 24:2264-2269. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Vogelsang
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Technical University of Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Björn A. Raumann
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Technical University of Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kevin Hares
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Technical University of Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Technical University of Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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25
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26
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Chen L, Li Y, Yue S, Ling J, Ni X, Shen Z. Chemoselective RAFT Polymerization of a Trivinyl Monomer Derived from Carbon Dioxide and 1,3-Butadiene: From Linear to Hyperbranched. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sicong Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xufeng Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiquan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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27
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Direct Carboxylation of C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H Bonds with CO2 by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed and Base-Mediated Reactions. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7120380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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28
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Balbino JM, Dupont J, Bayón JC. Telomerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Carbon Dioxide: A Highly Efficient Process for δ-Lactone Generation. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João M. Balbino
- Institute of Chemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 CEP-91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Department de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 CEP-91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - J. Carles Bayón
- Department de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
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