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Porous Organic Polymers-Supported Zeigler-Natta Catalysts for Preparing Highly Isotactic Polypropylene with Broad Molecular Weight Distribution. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030555. [PMID: 36771856 PMCID: PMC9919294 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs) have attracted much attention in numerous areas, including catalysis, adsorption and separation. Herein, POP supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts were designed for preparation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The POPs-based Ziegler-Natta catalysts exhibited the characteristic of broad molecular weight distribution (MWD > 11) with or without adding an extra internal electron donor. The added internal electron donor 3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-1,2-phenylene dibenzoate (ID-2) used in cat-2 showed good propylene polymerization activity of 15.3 × 106 g·PP/mol·Ti·h, high stereoregularity with 98.2% of isotacticity index and broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) of 12.3. Compared to the MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts (cat-4) with the same ID-2, cat-2 showed higher chain stereoregularity for propylene polymerization. As seen in the TREF results, the elution peak of PP-2 (124.0 °C, 91.7%) is 1.5 °C higher than the isotactic fraction from PP-4 (122.5 °C, 87.2%), and even 1.2 °C higher than PP-5 prepared from ID-3 with the characteristics of high stereoregularity. Moreover, the pentad methyl sequence mmmm of PP-2 (93.0%) from cat-2 is 0.5% higher than that of PP-4 from cat-4. XPS analysis revealed that the minute difference in binding energy of Ti, Mg, C and O atoms exist between the inorganic MgCl2 and the organic polymer based Z-N catalysts. The plausible interaction mechanism of active sites of Mg and Ti with the functional groups in the POP support and the added ID was proposed, which could be explained by their high stereoregularity and the broad molecular weight distribution of the POP-based Z-N catalysts.
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2
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Effect of Internal Donors on Raman and IR Spectroscopic Fingerprints of MgCl2/TiCl4 Nanoclusters Determined by Machine Learning and DFT. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030909. [PMID: 35160857 PMCID: PMC8840012 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To go deep into the origin of MgCl2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalysis we need to fully understand the structure and properties of precatalytic nanoclusters MgCl2/TiCl4 in presence of Lewis bases as internal donors (ID). In this work MgCl2/TiCl4 nanoplatelets derived by machine learning and DFT calculations have been used to model the interaction with ethyl-benzoate EB as ID, with available exposed sites of binary TixCly/MgCl2 systems. The influence of vicinal Ti2Cl8 and coadsorbed TiCl4 on energetic, structural and spectroscopic behaviour of EB has been considered. The adsorption of homogeneous-like TiCl4EB and TiCl4(EB)2 at the various surface sites have been also simulated. B3LYP-D2 and M06 functionals combined with TZVP quality basis set have been adopted for calculations. The adducts have been characterized by computing IR and Raman spectra that have been found to provide specific fingerprints useful to identify surface species; IR spectra have been successfully compared to available experimental data.
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Werny MJ, Zarupski J, ten Have IC, Piovano A, Hendriksen C, Friederichs NH, Meirer F, Groppo E, Weckhuysen BM. Correlating the Morphological Evolution of Individual Catalyst Particles to the Kinetic Behavior of Metallocene-Based Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. JACS AU 2021; 1:1996-2008. [PMID: 35574041 PMCID: PMC8611720 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics-based differences in the early stage fragmentation of two structurally analogous silica-supported hafnocene- and zirconocene-based catalysts were observed during gas-phase ethylene polymerization at low pressures. A combination of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and nanoscale infrared photoinduced force microscopy (IR PiFM) revealed notable differences in the distribution of the support, polymer, and composite phases between the two catalyst materials. By means of time-resolved probe molecule infrared spectroscopy, correlations between this divergence in morphology and the kinetic behavior of the catalysts' active sites were established. The rate of polymer formation, a property that is inherently related to a catalyst's kinetics and the applied reaction conditions, ultimately governs mass transfer and thus the degree of homogeneity achieved during support fragmentation. In the absence of strong mass transfer limitations, a layer-by-layer mechanism dominates at the level of the individual catalyst support domains under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. Werny
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Zarupski
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Iris C. ten Have
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Hendriksen
- SABIC
Technology Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Piovano A, Wada T, Amodio A, Takasao G, Ikeda T, Zhu D, Terano M, Chammingkwan P, Groppo E, Taniike T. Formation of Highly Active Ziegler–Natta Catalysts Clarified by a Multifaceted Characterization Approach. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toru Wada
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Alessia Amodio
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ikeda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Dongzhi Zhu
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Minoru Terano
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Patchanee Chammingkwan
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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Bazgir H, Abbas-Abadi MS, Haghighi MN, Darounkola MRR, Issaabadi Z, Rashedi R. Synthesis of novel Ziegler Natta catalyst in the presence of internal promoter and electron donors for ethylene and ethylene/ 1-hexene polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Witzke RJ, Chapovetsky A, Conley MP, Kaphan DM, Delferro M. Nontraditional Catalyst Supports in Surface Organometallic Chemistry. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Witzke
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alon Chapovetsky
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David M. Kaphan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Piovano A, Zarupski J, Groppo E. Disclosing the Interaction between Carbon Monoxide and Alkylated Ti 3+ Species: a Direct Insight into Ziegler-Natta Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5632-5637. [PMID: 32584046 PMCID: PMC8008442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field of Ziegler-Natta catalysis for olefin polymerization, carbon monoxide (CO) is used in the industrial practice to quench the reaction when it proceeds too fast, approaching critical levels for the plant safety. The quenching effect is explained as due to the reversible coordination of CO to the titanium active sites, but no direct evidence has been ever reported. In this work, we designed a series of experiments to monitor CO adsorption at variable temperatures on a model Ziegler-Natta catalyst by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. For the first time, we have been able to spectroscopically detect CO coordinated to alkylated Ti3+ sites and the Ti-acyl species formed upon the subsequent insertion of CO into the Ti3+-alkyl bond, both in the absence and in the presence of the olefin monomer. In perspective, this has important implications for the characterization of the active sites in industrial Ziegler-Natta catalysts, even under working conditions.
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Piovano A, D'Amore M, Wada T, Cleto Bruzzese P, Takasao G, Thakur A, Chammingkwan P, Terano M, Civalleri B, Bordiga S, Taniike T, Groppo E. Revisiting the identity of δ-MgCl2: Part II. Morphology and exposed surfaces studied by vibrational spectroscopies and DFT calculation. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Yu Y, McKenna TFL, Boisson C, Lacerda Miranda MS, Martins O. Engineering Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) through Modulating the Active Species by Alkylaluminum. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Olavo Martins
- Braskem SA, Global Catalysis, I&T E&P, 95853-000 Triunfo, Brazil
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Blaakmeer ES, Antinucci G, van Eck ERH, Kentgens APM. Probing Interactions between Electron Donors and the Support in MgCl 2-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:17865-17881. [PMID: 30116465 PMCID: PMC6089496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Olefin polymerization using Ziegler-Natta catalysts (ZNCs) is an important industrial process. Despite this, fundamental insight into the inner working mechanisms of these catalysts remains scarce. Here, we focus on the low-γ nuclei 25Mg and 35Cl for an in-depth solid-state NMR and density functional theory (DFT) study of the catalyst's MgCl2 support in binary adducts prepared by ball-milling. Besides the bare MgCl2 support and a MgCl2-TiCl4 adduct, samples containing donors that are part of the families of 2,2-dialkyl-1,3-dimethoxypropanes and phthalates used in fourth- and fifth-generation ZNCs are studied. DFT calculations indicate that the quadrupolar coupling parameters of the chlorines differ significantly between bulk and surface sites. As a result, the NMR visibility of the chlorine sites correlates with the particle size except for the adduct with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane donor. The DFT calculations furthermore show that the surface sites are fairly insensitive to binding of different donor molecules, making it difficult to identify specific binding motives. The surface sites with large 35Cl NMR line widths can be observed using high radio frequency field strengths. For the 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane donor, we observe additional surface sites with intermediately high quadrupolar couplings, suggesting a different surface structure for this particular adduct compared to the other systems. For 25Mg, pronounced effects of donor binding on the quadrupole interaction parameters are observed, both computationally and experimentally. Again the adduct with the 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dimethoxypropane donor shows a different behavior of the surface sites compared to the other adducts, which display more asymmetric coordinations of the surface Mg sites. Identifying specific binding motives by comparing 25Mg NMR results to DFT calculations also proves to be difficult, however. This is attributed to the existence of many defect structures caused by the ball-milling process. The existence of such defect structures both at the surface and in the interior of the MgCl2 particles is corroborated by NMR relaxation studies. Finally, we performed heteronuclear correlation experiments, which reveal interactions between the support and Mg-OH surface groups, but do not provide indications for donor-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S.
Merijn Blaakmeer
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Stereoselective Polymerizations, Federico
II University of Naples, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ernst R. H. van Eck
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Piovano A, Pletcher P, Velthoen MEZ, Zanoni S, Chung SH, Bossers K, Jongkind MK, Fiore G, Groppo E, Weckhuysen BM. Genesis of MgCl2
-based Ziegler-Natta Catalysts as Probed with Operando Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2662-2671. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Paul Pletcher
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E. Z. Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zanoni
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sang-Ho Chung
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS); University of Amsterdam; PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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Yang P, Fu Z, Fan Z. 1-Hexene polymerization with supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst: Correlation between catalyst particle fragmentation and active center distribution. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Société Chimique de France Prizes 2017. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11303. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Preise der Société Chimique de France 2017. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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