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Lechtenberg T, Wynands B, Müller MF, Polen T, Noack S, Wierckx N. Improving 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) tolerance of Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 by automated adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00235. [PMID: 38832093 PMCID: PMC11144800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The aldehyde 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is of great importance for a circular bioeconomy. It is a renewable platform chemical that can be converted into a range of useful compounds to replace petroleum-based products such as the green plastic monomer 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). However, it also exhibits microbial toxicity for example hindering the efficient biotechnological valorization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Thus, there is an urgent need for tolerance-improved organisms applicable to whole-cell biocatalysis. Here, we engineer an oxidation-deficient derivative of the naturally robust and emerging biotechnological workhorse P. taiwanensis VLB120 by robotics-assisted adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). The deletion of HMF-oxidizing enzymes enabled for the first time evolution under constant selection pressure by the aldehyde, yielding strains with consistently improved growth characteristics in presence of the toxicant. Genome sequencing of evolved clones revealed loss-of function mutations in the LysR-type transcriptional regulator-encoding mexT preventing expression of the associated efflux pump mexEF-oprN. This knowledge allowed reverse engineering of strains with enhanced aldehyde tolerance, even in a background of active or overexpressed HMF oxidation machinery, demonstrating a synergistic effect of two distinct tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lechtenberg
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wynands
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Moritz-Fabian Müller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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2
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Nie M, Wang J, Chen Z, Cao C, Zhang K. Systematic engineering enables efficient biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine in E. coli from inexpensive aromatic precursors. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:12. [PMID: 38183119 PMCID: PMC10768146 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-phenylalanine is an essential amino acid with various promising applications. The microbial pathway for L-phenylalanine synthesis from glucose in wild strains involves lengthy steps and stringent feedback regulation that limits the production yield. It is attractive to find other candidates, which could be used to establish a succinct and cost-effective pathway for L-phenylalanine production. Here, we developed an artificial bioconversion process to synthesize L-phenylalanine from inexpensive aromatic precursors (benzaldehyde or benzyl alcohol). In particular, this work opens the possibility of L-phenylalanine production from benzyl alcohol in a cofactor self-sufficient system without any addition of reductant. RESULTS The engineered L-phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway comprises two modules: in the first module, aromatic precursors and glycine were converted into phenylpyruvate, the key precursor for L-phenylalanine. The highly active enzyme combination was natural threonine aldolase LtaEP.p and threonine dehydratase A8HB.t, which could produce phenylpyruvate in a titer of 4.3 g/L. Overexpression of gene ridA could further increase phenylpyruvate production by 16.3%, reaching up to 5 g/L. The second module catalyzed phenylpyruvate to L-phenylalanine, and the conversion rate of phenylpyruvate was up to 93% by co-expressing PheDH and FDHV120S. Then, the engineered E. coli containing these two modules could produce L-phenylalanine from benzaldehyde with a conversion rate of 69%. Finally, we expanded the aromatic precursors to produce L-phenylalanine from benzyl alcohol, and firstly constructed the cofactor self-sufficient biosynthetic pathway to synthesize L-phenylalanine without any additional reductant such as formate. CONCLUSION Systematical bioconversion processes have been designed and constructed, which could provide a potential bio-based strategy for the production of high-value L-phenylalanine from low-cost starting materials aromatic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Nie
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyao Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenkai Cao
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kechun Zhang
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Basri RS, Rahman RNZRA, Kamarudin NHA, Ali MSM. Carboxylic acid reductases: Structure, catalytic requirements, and applications in biotechnology. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124526. [PMID: 37080403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts have been gaining extra attention in recent decades due to their industrial-relevance properties, which may hasten the transition to a cleaner environment. Carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) are large, multi-domain proteins that can catalyze the reduction of carboxylic acids to corresponding aldehydes, with the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This biocatalytic reaction is of great interest due to the abundance of carboxylic acids in nature and the ability of CAR to convert carboxylic acids to a wide range of aldehydes essentially needed as end products such as vanillin or reaction intermediates for several compounds production such as alcohols, alkanes, and amines. This modular enzyme, found in bacteria and fungi, demands an activation via post-translational modification by the phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). Recent advances in the characterization and structural studies of CARs revealed valuable information about the enzymes' dynamics, mechanisms, and unique features. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the previous findings on the phylogeny, structural and mechanistic insight of the domains, post-translational modification requirement, strategies for the cofactors regeneration, the extensively broad aldehyde-related industrial application properties of CARs, as well as their recent immobilization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Syuhada Basri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Hafizah Ahmad Kamarudin
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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4
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Dong H, Zhang W, Zhou S, Ying H, Wang P. Rational Design of Artificial Biofilms as Sustainable Supports for Whole-Cell Catalysis Through Integrating Extra- and Intracellular Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200850. [PMID: 35726119 PMCID: PMC9543694 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are promising candidates for sustainable bioprocessing applications. This work presents a rational design of biofilm catalysts by integrating extra- and intracellular catalysis systems with optimized substrate channeling to realize efficient multistep biosynthesis. An assembly of four enzymes in a "three-in-one" structure was achieved by rationally placing the enzymes on curli nanofibers, the cell surface, and inside cells. The catalytic efficiency of the biofilm catalysts was over 2.8 folds higher than that of the control whole-cell catalysis when the substrate benzaldehyde was fed at 100 mm. The highest yield of d-phenyllactic acid catalyzed by biofilm catalysts under optimized conditions was 102.19 mm, also much higher than that of the control catalysis test (52.29 mm). The results demonstrate that engineered biofilms are greatly promising in integrating extra- and intracellular catalysis, illustrating great potentials of rational design in constructing biofilm catalysts as sustainable supports for whole-cell catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringSchool of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringSchool of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringSchool of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for BiotechnologyNanjing Tech UniversityNO.30 Puzhu Road(S)NanjingJS 211816P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringSchool of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN 55108USA
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5
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Winkler M, Ling JG. Biocatalytic carboxylate reduction – recent advances and new enzymes. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margit Winkler
- Technische Universitat Graz Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
| | - Jonathan Guyang Ling
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology 43600 Bangi MALAYSIA
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6
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Bayer T, Pfaff L, Branson Y, Becker A, Wu S, Bornscheuer UT, Wei R. Biosensor and chemo-enzymatic one-pot cascade applications to detect and transform PET-derived terephthalic acid in living cells. iScience 2022; 25:104326. [PMID: 35602945 PMCID: PMC9117539 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste imposes a serious problem to the environment and society. Hence, strategies for a circular plastic economy are demanded. One strategy is the engineering of polyester hydrolases toward higher activity for the biotechnological recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). To provide tools for the rapid characterization of PET hydrolases and the detection of degradation products like terephthalic acid (TPA), we coupled a carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) and the luciferase LuxAB. CAR converted TPA into the corresponding aldehydes in Escherichia coli, which yielded bioluminescence that not only semiquantitatively reflected amounts of TPA in hydrolysis samples but is suitable as a high-throughput screening assay to assess PET hydrolase activity. Furthermore, the CAR-catalyzed synthesis of terephthalaldehyde was combined with a reductive amination cascade in a one-pot setup yielding the corresponding diamine, suggesting a new strategy for the transformation of TPA as a product obtained from PET biodegradation. First bioreduction of terephthalic acid (TPA) by a carboxylic acid reductase in vivo Real-time, high-throughput detection of TPA-derived aldehydes by luciferase LuxAB Bioluminescence reflects TPA amounts, assessing (engineered) PET hydrolase activity Transformation of TPA into the diamine through chemo-enzymatic one-pot cascade
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bayer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author
| | - Lara Pfaff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yannick Branson
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aileen Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street 1, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Corresponding author
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7
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Kim IJ, Bayer T, Terholsen H, Bornscheuer U. α-Dioxygenases (α-DOXs): Promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly production of aroma compounds. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100693. [PMID: 35107200 PMCID: PMC9305512 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes (FALs) can be derived from fatty acids (FAs) and related compounds and are frequently used as flavors and fragrances. Although chemical methods have been conventionally used, their selective biotechnological production aiming at more efficient and eco‐friendly synthetic routes is in demand. α‐Dioxygenases (α‐DOXs) are heme‐dependent oxidative enzymes biologically involved in the initial step of plant FA α‐oxidation during which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the Cα‐position of a FA (Cn) to generate the intermediate FA hydroperoxide, which is subsequently converted into the shortened corresponding FAL (Cn‐1). α‐DOXs are promising biocatalysts for the flavor and fragrance industries, they do not require NAD(P)H as cofactors or redox partner proteins, and they have a broad substrate scope. Here, we highlight recent advances in the biocatalytic utilization of α‐DOXs with emphasis on newly discovered cyanobacterial α‐DOXs as well as analytical methods to measure α‐DOX activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Bayer
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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8
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Dong H, Zhang W, Zhou S, Wang P. Programmable Biofilm-Cellulose Hybrid Platform for Specifically Clustering of Microbial Catalysts with Optimized Cellular Synergy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8222-8225. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02473j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A programmable biofilm-cellulose platform is constructed to facilitate the clustering of two Escherichia coli catalysts, which is promising to achieve an efficient transformation by bringing cells into close proximity. This...
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9
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Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols with Palladium(0) Nanoparticles Suspension in Water. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Dickey RM, Forti AM, Kunjapur AM. Advances in engineering microbial biosynthesis of aromatic compounds and related compounds. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:91. [PMID: 38650203 PMCID: PMC10992092 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic compounds have broad applications and have been the target of biosynthetic processes for several decades. New biomolecular engineering strategies have been applied to improve production of aromatic compounds in recent years, some of which are expected to set the stage for the next wave of innovations. Here, we will briefly complement existing reviews on microbial production of aromatic compounds by focusing on a few recent trends where considerable work has been performed in the last 5 years. The trends we highlight are pathway modularization and compartmentalization, microbial co-culturing, non-traditional host engineering, aromatic polymer feedstock utilization, engineered ring cleavage, aldehyde stabilization, and biosynthesis of non-standard amino acids. Throughout this review article, we will also touch on unmet opportunities that future research could address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Dickey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Amanda M Forti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.
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11
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LuxAB-Based Microbial Cell Factories for the Sensing, Manufacturing and Transformation of Industrial Aldehydes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of genetically encoded biosensors enables the detection of small molecules in living cells and has facilitated the characterization of enzymes, their directed evolution and the engineering of (natural) metabolic pathways. In this work, the LuxAB biosensor system from Photorhabdus luminescens was implemented in Escherichia coli to monitor the enzymatic production of aldehydes from primary alcohols and carboxylic acid substrates. A simple high-throughput assay utilized the bacterial luciferase—previously reported to only accept aliphatic long-chain aldehydes—to detect structurally diverse aldehydes, including aromatic and monoterpene aldehydes. LuxAB was used to screen the substrate scopes of three prokaryotic oxidoreductases: an alcohol dehydrogenase (Pseudomonas putida), a choline oxidase variant (Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus) and a carboxylic acid reductase (Mycobacterium marinum). Consequently, high-value aldehydes such as cinnamaldehyde, citral and citronellal could be produced in vivo in up to 80% yield. Furthermore, the dual role of LuxAB as sensor and monooxygenase, emitting bioluminescence through the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylates, promises implementation in artificial enzyme cascades for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. These findings advance the bio-based detection, preparation and transformation of industrially important aldehydes in living cells.
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12
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Production of Aldehydes by Biocatalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094949. [PMID: 34066641 PMCID: PMC8124467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of aldehydes, highly reactive and toxic chemicals, brings specific challenges to biocatalytic processes. Absence of natural accumulation of aldehydes in microorganisms has led to a combination of in vitro and in vivo strategies for both, bulk and fine production. Advances in genetic and metabolic engineering and implementation of computational techniques led to the production of various enzymes with special requirements. Cofactor synthesis, post-translational modifications and structure engineering are applied to prepare active enzymes for one-step or cascade reactions. This review presents the highlights in biocatalytical production of aldehydes with the potential to shape future industrial applications.
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13
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:88-119. [PMID: 32558088 PMCID: PMC7818486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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14
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Shi TT, Wang SZ, Yang Z, Wang Y, Liu C, He W, Fang Z, Guo K. Enzymatic electrochemical continuous flow cascade synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An industrially practical method for the synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles was developed from an enzymatic electrochemical cascade method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shu-Zhan Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao Yang
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Yilin Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
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15
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Global Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and Development Merck & Co., Inc. 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech Consulting Hafenstraße 31 68159 Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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16
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Derrington SR, Turner NJ, France SP. Carboxylic acid reductases (CARs): An industrial perspective. J Biotechnol 2019; 304:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Schwendenwein D, Ressmann AK, Doerr M, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT, Mihovilovic MD, Rudroff F, Winkler M. Random Mutagenesis‐Driven Improvement of Carboxylate Reductase Activity using an Amino Benzamidoxime‐Mediated High‐Throughput Assay. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K. Ressmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Mark Doerr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163 1060 Vienna Austria
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18
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Song W, Wang JH, Wu J, Liu J, Chen XL, Liu LM. Asymmetric assembly of high-value α-functionalized organic acids using a biocatalytic chiral-group-resetting process. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3818. [PMID: 30232330 PMCID: PMC6145935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of α-functionalized organic acids can be greatly simplified by adopting a protocol involving the catalytic assembly of achiral building blocks. However, the enzymatic assembly of small amino acids and aldehydes to form numerous α-functionalized organic acids is highly desired and remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report an artificially designed chiral-group-resetting biocatalytic process, which uses simple achiral glycine and aldehydes to synthesize stereodefined α-functionalized organic acids. This cascade biocatalysis comprises a basic module and three different extender modules and operates in a modular assembly manner. The engineered Escherichia coli catalysts, which contained different module(s), provide access to α-keto acids, α-hydroxy acids, and α-amino acids with excellent conversion and enantioselectivities. Therefore, this biocatalytic process provides an attractive strategy for the conversion of low-cost achiral starting materials to high-value α-functionalized organic acids. Alpha-functionalized organic acids are building blocks of many bioactive compounds. Here, the authors developed a toolbox-like, modular set of enzymes that reset chiral groups, turning achiral glycine and simple aldehydes into stereodefined α-keto acids, α-hydroxy acids, and α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Lai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Li-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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20
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Wiesinger T, Bayer T, Milker S, Mihovilovic MD, Rudroff F. Cell Factory Design and Optimization for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Compounds. Chembiochem 2018; 19:361-368. [PMID: 28980776 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic cascade for the transformation of primary alcohols into polyhydroxylated compounds in Escherichia coli, through the in situ preparation of cytotoxic aldehyde intermediates and subsequent aldolase-mediated C-C bond formation, has been investigated. An enzymatic toolbox consisting of alcohol dehydrogenase AlkJ from Pseudomonas putida and the dihydroxyacetone-/hydroxyacetone-accepting aldolase variant Fsa1-A129S was applied. Pathway optimization was performed at the genetic and process levels. Three different arrangements of the alkJ and fsa1-A129S genes in operon, monocistronic, and pseudo-operon configuration were tested. The last of these proved to be most beneficial with regard to bacterial growth and protein expression levels. The optimized whole-cell catalyst, combined with a refined solid-phase extraction downstream purification protocol, provides diastereomerically pure carbohydrate derivatives that can be isolated in up to 91 % yield over two reaction steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiesinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia Milker
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Rational Engineering of a Flavoprotein Oxidase for Improved Direct Oxidation of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122205. [PMID: 29231859 PMCID: PMC6149797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl or carboxyl compounds represents a convenient strategy for the selective introduction of electrophilic carbon centres into carbohydrate-based starting materials. The O2-dependent oxidation of prim-alcohols by flavin-containing alcohol oxidases often yields mixtures of aldehyde and carboxylic acid, which is due to “over-oxidation” of the aldehyde hydrate intermediate. In order to directly convert alcohols into carboxylic acids, rational engineering of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural oxidase was performed. In an attempt to improve the binding of the aldehyde hydrate in the active site to boost aldehyde-oxidase activity, two active-site residues were exchanged for hydrogen-bond-donating and -accepting amino acids. Enhanced over-oxidation was demonstrated and Michaelis–Menten kinetics were performed to corroborate these findings.
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22
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Ni J, Gao YY, Tao F, Liu HY, Xu P. Temperature-Directed Biocatalysis for the Sustainable Production of Aromatic Aldehydes or Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:1214-1217. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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23
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Ni J, Gao YY, Tao F, Liu HY, Xu P. Temperature-Directed Biocatalysis for the Sustainable Production of Aromatic Aldehydes or Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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