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Zhang P, Liu Y, Li X, Siri G, Wang J, Li Z, Jian Y, Gao Z. Copper Catalyzed Three-Component Ullmann C-S Coupling in PEG for the Synthesis of 6-Aryl/alkylthio-purines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2212-2222. [PMID: 38311847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
To tackle the environmental unfriendly issue in existing synthesis strategies for 6-substitued thiopurine derivatives, such as poor step economy, frequent use of malodorous organic sulfur starting materials, toxic organic solvents, and equivalent dosage of base, we have developed a CuI-catalyzed base-free three-component Ullmann C-S coupling synthetic strategy, featured using inorganic salt Na2S as the sulfur source and nontoxic PEG-600 as the solvent. The newly developed strategy is particularly effective for the synthesis of 6-arylthiopurines. The high catalytic efficiency in PEG-600 can be rationalized by the high soluble ability of CuI catalyst, likely due to the presence of multiple oxygen coordination sites in PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yunfang Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xulian Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Geling Siri
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jieyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yajun Jian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119, China
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2
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Liu SC, Fang DC. DFT Studies on the Mechanisms of Carboamination/Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes Mediated by Pd(IV) Intermediates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14540-14549. [PMID: 37773964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the mechanism of carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes mediated by Pd(IV) intermediates. Both reactions share a common Pd(IV) intermediate, serving as the starting point for either the carboamination or the diamination pathway. The formation of this Pd(IV) intermediate encompasses a transition state that substantially impacts the turnover frequency (TOF) of catalytic cycles, with an apparent activation free-energy barrier of 26.1 kcal mol-1. Carboamination of unactivated alkenes proceeds through the coordination of a toluene molecule, C-H activation, inner reductive elimination, and the separation of the carboamination product from this intermediate, while diamination of unactivated alkenes involves the formation of the ion nucleophile, SN2 attack, and the separation of the diamination product. A comparison of the free-energy profiles for carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes can elucidate the origin of the chemoselectivity, and Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) wave function analyses have been performed to analyze the contributions of the outer C-N bonding in the diamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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Sebastian D, Satishkumar S, Pradhan P, Yang L, Lakshman MK. General Approach to N6,C5'-Difunctionalization of Adenosine. J Org Chem 2021; 87:18-39. [PMID: 34905365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the C6-halo purine ribonucleosides, the readily accessible 6-chloro derivative has been known to undergo slow SNAr reactions with amines, particularly aryl amines. In this work, we show that in 0.1 M AcOH in EtOH, aryl amines react quite efficiently at the C6-position of 2',3',5'-tri-O-(t-BuMe2Si)-protected 6-chloropurine riboside (6-ClP-riboside), with concomitant cleavage of the 5'-silyl group. These two-step processes proceeded in generally good yields, and notably, reactions in the absence of AcOH were much slower and/or lower yielding. Corresponding reactions of 2',3',5'-tri-O-(t-BuMe2Si)-protected 6-ClP-riboside with alkyl amines proceeded well but without desilylation at the primary hydroxyl terminus. These differences are likely due to the acidities of the ammonium chlorides formed in these reactions, and the role of AcOH was not desilylation but possibly only purine activation. With 50% aqueous TFA in THF at 0 °C, cleavage of the 5'-silyl group from 2',3',5'-tri-O-(t-BuMe2Si)-protected N6-alkyl adenosine derivatives and from 6-ClP-riboside was readily achieved. Reactions of the 5'-deprotected 6-ClP-riboside with alkyl amines proceeded in high yields and under mild conditions. Because these complementary methodologies yielded N6-aryl and -alkyl adenosine derivatives containing a free 5'-hydroxyl group, a variety of product functionalizations were undertaken to yield N6,C5'-doubly modified nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dellamol Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States.,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Sakilam Satishkumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Padmanava Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Lijia Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States.,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Ravi Kumara GS, Pandith A, Seo YJ. Direct and selective metal-free N 6-arylation of adenosine residues for simple fluorescence labeling of DNA and RNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5450-5453. [PMID: 33950062 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an unprecedented transition metal-free approach for the direct fluorescence turn-on labeling of natural oligonucleotides through selective N6-arylation of adenosine moieties. This method allows the simple and direct fluorescence labeling of natural unmodified DNA and RNA, but is dependent on the secondary structure, favoring single-stranded structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anup Pandith
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Young Jun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
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Reddy Kandimalla S, Prathima Parvathaneni S, Sabitha G, Subba Reddy BV. Recent Advances in Intramolecular Metal-Free Oxidative C-H Bond Aminations Using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satheeshkumar Reddy Kandimalla
- Fluoro & Agrochemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; 500-007 Hyderabad India
- Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad-500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; 110025 New Delhi India
| | - Sai Prathima Parvathaneni
- Fluoro & Agrochemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; 500-007 Hyderabad India
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Austin; 78712 Austin, Texas United States
| | - Gowravaram Sabitha
- Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad-500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; 110025 New Delhi India
| | - B. V. Subba Reddy
- Fluoro & Agrochemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; 500-007 Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; 110025 New Delhi India
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Bhilare S, Bandaru SSM, Kapdi AR, Sanghvi YS, Schulzke C. Pd/PTABS: An Efficient Water-Soluble Catalytic System for the Amination of 6-Chloropurine Ribonucleoside and Synthesis of Alogliptin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 74:e58. [DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shatrughn Bhilare
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology; Mumbai India
| | | | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology; Mumbai India
| | | | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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Mao J, Zhang J, Zhang S, Walsh PJ. NIXANTPHOS: a highly active ligand for palladium catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig amination of unactivated aryl chlorides. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8690-8696. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NIXANTPHOS-based catalyst outperformed the parent ligand Xantphos in Pd catalyzed amination reaction of aryl chlorides at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Jiadi Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Penn/Merck Laboratory for High Throughput Experimentation
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania 231 South
- Philadelphia
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Penn/Merck Laboratory for High Throughput Experimentation
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania 231 South
- Philadelphia
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
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