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Gao J, Ge Y, He C. X-type silyl ligands for transition-metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4648-4673. [PMID: 38525837 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Given the critical importance of novel ligand development for transition-metal (TM) catalysis, as well as the resurgence of the field of organosilicon chemistry and silyl ligands, to summarize the topic of X-type silyl ligands for TM catalysis is highly attractive and timely. This review particularly emphasizes the unique σ-donating characteristics and trans-effects of silyl ligands, highlighting their crucial roles in enhancing the reactivity and selectivity of various catalytic reactions, including small molecule activation, Kumada cross-coupling, hydrofunctionalization, C-H functionalization, and dehydrogenative Si-O coupling reactions. Additionally, future developments in this field are also provided, which would inspire new insights and applications in catalytic synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Yicong Ge
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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2
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Molecular Structures of the Silicon Pyridine-2-(thi)olates Me3Si(pyX), Me2Si(pyX)2 and Ph2Si(pyX)2 (py = 2-Pyridyl, X = O, S), and Their Intra- and Intermolecular Ligand Exchange in Solution. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyridine-2-olates (pyO) and pyridine-2-thiolates (pyS) of silicon was studied in solid state and in solution. The crystal structures of Me3Si(pyO) (1a), Me3Si(pyS) (1b), Me2Si(pyO)2 (2a), Me2Si(pyS)2 (2b), Ph2Si(pyO)2 (3a) and Ph2Si(pyS)2 (3b) were determined by X-ray diffraction. For that purpose, crystals of the (at room temperature) liquid compounds 1a and 1b were grown in a capillary on the diffractometer. Compounds 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 3a feature tetracoordinate silicon atoms in the solid state, whereas 3b gave rise to a series of four crystal structures in which the Si atoms of this compound are hexacoordinate. Two isomers (3b1 with all-cis arrangement of the C2N2S2 donor atoms in P, and 3b2 with trans S-Si-S axis in P21/n) formed individual crystal batches, which allowed for their individual 29Si NMR spectroscopic study in the solid state (the determination of their chemical shift anisotropy tensors). Furthermore, the structures of a less stable modification of 3b2 (in C2/c) as well as a toluene solvate 3b2×(toluene) (in P) were determined. In CDCl3, the equimolar solutions of the corresponding pairs of pyO and pyS compounds (2a/2b and 3a/3b) showed substituent scrambling with the formation of the products Me2Si(pyO)(pyS) (2c) and Ph2Si(pyO)(pyS) (3c), respectively, as minor components in the respective substituent exchange equilibrium.
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Kuciński K, Stachowiak-Dłużyńska H, Hreczycho G. Catalytic silylation of O–nucleophiles via Si–H or Si–C bond cleavage: A route to silyl ethers, silanols and siloxanes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ehrlich L, Gericke R, Brendler E, Wagler J. P-Ru-Complexes with a Chelate-Bridge-Switch: A Comparison of 2-Picolyl and 2-Pyridyloxy Moieties as Bridging Ligands. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092778. [PMID: 35566128 PMCID: PMC9103559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from [Ru(pyO)2(nbd)] 1 and a N,P,N-tridentate ligand (2a: PhP(pic)2, 2b: PhP(pyO)2) (nbd = 2,5-norbornadiene, pic = 2-picolyl = 2-pyridylmethyl, pyO = 2-pyridyloxy = pyridine-2-olate), the compounds [PhP(μ-pic)2(μ-pyO)Ru(κ2-pyO)] (3a) and [PhP(μ-pyO)3Ru(κ2-pyO)] (3b), respectively, were prepared. Reaction of compounds 3 with CO and CNtBu afforded the opening of the Ru(κ2-pyO) chelate motif with the formation of compounds [PhP(μ-pic)2(μ-pyO)Ru(κ-O-pyO)(CO)] (4a), [PhP(μ-pic)2(μ-pyO)2Ru(CNtBu)] (5a), [PhP(μ-pyO)4Ru(CO)] (4b) and [PhP(μ-pyO)4Ru(CNtBu)] (5b). In dichloromethane solution, 4a underwent a reaction with the solvent, i.e., substitution of the dangling pyO ligand by chloride with the formation of [PhP(μ-pic)2(μ-pyO)Ru(Cl)(CO)] (6a). The new complexes 3a, 4a, 5a, 5b and 6a were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and multi-nuclear (1H, 13C, 31P) NMR spectroscopy. The different coordination behaviors of related pairs of molecules (i.e., pairs of 3, 4 and 5), which depend on the nature of the P-Ru-bridging ligand moieties (μ-pic vs. μ-pyO), were also studied via computational analyses using QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecules) and NBO (natural bond orbital) approaches, as well as the NCI (non-covalent interactions descriptor) for weak intramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ehrlich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany; (L.E.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gericke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany; (L.E.); (R.G.)
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Wagler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany; (L.E.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3731-39-4343
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Suzuki H, Yoneoka K, Kondo S, Matsuda T. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Aldol Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids to Ketones: Silanes as Activator and Transient Protecting Group. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104273. [PMID: 34967961 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the first enantioselective reductive aldol reaction of unprotected α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids by employing a copper/bisphosphine catalyst. The reaction features in situ protection and activation of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid by a hydrosilane. The copper enolate formed in situ reacts with a ketone to afford the β-hydroxy carboxylic acid with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). The corresponding gram-scale reaction with a low catalyst loading and the derivatization of the β-hydroxy carboxylic acids highlight the practicality of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Suzuki
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Kenji Yoneoka
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Sora Kondo
- Tokyo University of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Takanori Matsuda
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, 162-8601, Tokyo, JAPAN
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García-Orduña P, Fernández I, Oro LA, Fernández-Alvarez FJ. Origin of the Ir-Si bond shortening in Ir-NSiN complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5951-5959. [PMID: 33949537 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ir-Si bond distances reported for Ir-(fac-κ3-NSiNOPy) and Ir-(fac-κ3-NSiN4MeOPy) species (NSiNOPy = bis(pyridine-2-yloxy)methylsilyl and NSiN4MeOPy = bis(4-methyl-pyridine-2-yloxy)methylsily) are in the range of 2.220-2.235 Å. These values are in the lowest limit of the Ir-Si bond distances found in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). To understand the origin of such remarkable shortening, a computational study of the bonding situation of representative examples of Ir-(fac-κ3-NSiN) species has been carried out. It is found that the Ir-Si bond can be described as an electron-sharing (i.e. covalent) bond. Despite that, this bond is highly polarized and as a result, the contribution of the electrostatic attractions to the bonding is rather significant. Indeed, there exists a linear relationship (R2 = 0.97) between the Ir-Si bond distance and the extent of the computed electrostatic interactions, which indicates that the ionic contribution to the bonding is mainly responsible for the observed Ir-Si bond shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar García-Orduña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis A Oro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Fernández-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Iridium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Reactions. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Ojeda‐Amador AI, Munarriz J, Alamán‐Valtierra P, Polo V, Puerta‐Oteo R, Jiménez MV, Fernández‐Alvarez FJ, Pérez‐Torrente JJ. Mechanistic Insights on the Functionalization of CO
2
with Amines and Hydrosilanes Catalyzed by a Zwitterionic Iridium Carboxylate‐Functionalized Bis‐NHC Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Ojeda‐Amador
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Julen Munarriz
- Departamento de Química Física Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas complejos (BIFI) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Pablo Alamán‐Valtierra
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Víctor Polo
- Departamento de Química Física Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas complejos (BIFI) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Raquel Puerta‐Oteo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - M. Victoria Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fernández‐Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Jesús J. Pérez‐Torrente
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
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Rhodium-catalyzed formation of silylcarbamates from the reaction of secondary amines with CO2 and hydrosilanes. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Weinhofer AM, Cole HD, Mitchell BA, Ritz AJ, Vogt DB, Rabinovitch JE, Goess BC, Goforth SK. Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of silyl ethers to silyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Guzmán J, Bernal AM, García-Orduña P, Lahoz FJ, Oro LA, Fernández-Alvarez FJ. Selective reduction of formamides to O-silylated hemiaminals or methylamines with HSiMe 2Ph catalyzed by iridium complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4255-4262. [PMID: 30847452 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05070h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (4-methyl-pyridin-2-iloxy)ditertbutylsilane (NSitBu-H, 1) with [IrCl(coe)2]2 affords the iridium(iii) complex [Ir(H)(Cl)(κ2-NSitBu)(coe)] (2), which has been fully characterized including X-ray diffraction studies. The reaction of 2 with AgCF3SO3 leads to the formation of species [Ir(H)(CF3SO3)(κ2-NSitBu)(coe)] (3). The iridium complexes 2 and 3 are effective catalysts for the reduction of formamides with HSiMe2Ph. The selectivity of the reduction process depends on the catalyst. Thus, by using complex 2, with a chloride ancillary ligand, it has been possible to selectively obtain the corresponding O-silylated hemiaminal by reaction of formamides with one equivalent of HSiMe2Ph, while complex 3, with a triflate ligand instead of chloride, catalyzed the selective reduction of formamides to the corresponding methylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH). Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Guzmán J, García-Orduña P, Polo V, Lahoz FJ, Oro LA, Fernández-Alvarez FJ. Ir-catalyzed selective reduction of CO2 to the methoxy or formate level with HSiMe(OSiMe3)2. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ir-NSi-based catalysts allow controlling the selective reduction of CO2 with HSiMe(OSiMe3)2 to afford methoxysilane or silyl formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Pilar García-Orduña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Víctor Polo
- Departamento de Química Física – Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI) – Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Fernando J. Lahoz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Luis A. Oro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fernández-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
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