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Veselov GB, Vedyagin AA. Resorcinol-Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6566. [PMID: 37834703 PMCID: PMC10573919 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon xerogels (CXs) are materials obtained via the pyrolysis of resins prepared via the sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. These materials attract great attention as adsorbents, catalyst supports, and energy storage materials. One of the most interesting features of CXs is the possibility of fine-tuning their structures and textures by changing the synthesis conditions in the sol-gel stage. Thus, the first part of this review is devoted to the processes taking place in the polycondensation stage of organic precursors. The formation of hydroxymethyl derivatives of resorcinol and their polycondensation take place at this stage. Both of these processes are catalyzed by acids or bases. It is revealed that the sol-gel synthesis conditions, such as pH, the formaldehyde/resorcinol ratio, concentration, and the type of basic modifier, all affect the texture of the materials being prepared. The variation in these parameters allows one to obtain CXs with pore sizes ranging from 2-3 nm to 100-200 nm. The possibility of using other precursors for the preparation of organic aerogels is examined as well. For instance, if phenol is used instead of resorcinol, the capabilities of the sol-gel method become rather limited. At the same time, other phenolic compounds can be applied with great efficiency. The methods of gel drying and the pyrolysis conditions are also reviewed. Another important aspect analyzed within this review is the surface modification of CXs by introducing various functional groups and heteroatoms. It is shown that compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, boron, or phosphorus can be introduced at the polycondensation stage to incorporate these elements into the gel structure. Thus, the highest surface amount of nitrogen (6-11 at%) was achieved in the case of the polycondensation of formaldehyde with melamine and hydroxyaniline. Finally, the methods of preparing metal-doped CXs are overviewed. Special attention is paid to the introduction of a metal precursor in the gelation step. The elements of the iron subgroup (Fe, Ni, Co) were found to catalyze carbon graphitization. Therefore, their introduction can be useful for enhancing the electrochemical properties of CXs. However, since the metal surface is often covered by carbon, such materials are poorly applicable to conventional catalytic processes. In summary, the applications of CXs and metal-doped CXs are briefly mentioned. Among the promising application areas, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and adsorbents are of special interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksey A. Vedyagin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 5 Lavrentyev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Fiorio JL, Garcia MA, Gothe ML, Galvan D, Troise PC, Conte-Junior CA, Vidinha P, Camargo PH, Rossi LM. Recent advances in the use of nitrogen-doped carbon materials for the design of noble metal catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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3
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Wang C, Zhu D, Bi H, Zhang Z, Zhu J. Synthesis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus/Sulfur Co-Doped Carbon Xerogels for the Efficient Electrocatalytic Reduction of p-Nitrophenol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032432. [PMID: 36768750 PMCID: PMC9916709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon xerogels co-doped with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) or sulfur (S) were synthesized and employed as catalysts for the electrocatalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). The materials were prepared by first synthesizing N-doped carbon xerogels (NDCX) via the pyrolysis of organic gels, and then introducing P or S atoms to the NDCX by a vapor deposition method. The materials were characterized by various measurements including X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Infrared spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectra, which showed that N atoms were successfully doped to the carbon xerogels, and the co-doping of P or S atoms affected the existing status of N atoms. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning manifested that the N and P co-doped materials, i.e., P-NDCX-1.0, was the most suitable catalyst for the reaction, showing an overpotential of -0.569 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a peak slop of 695.90 μA/V. The material was also stable in the reaction and only a 14 mV shift in the reduction peak overpotential was observed after running for 100 cycles.
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Ramalingam A, Samaraj E, Venkateshwaran S, Senthilkumar SM, Senadi GC. 1T-MoS 2 catalysed reduction of nitroarenes and a one-pot synthesis of imines. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00732k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An expedient synthesis of aromatic amines and imines via the reduction of nitroaromatics using 1T-MoS2 as a heterogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariprasanth Ramalingam
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of science and technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Elavarasan Samaraj
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of science and technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Selvaraj Venkateshwaran
- Electro Organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sakkarapalayam Murugesan Senthilkumar
- Electro Organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gopal Chandru Senadi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of science and technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
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Zhang Z, Guo L. Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 and N 2 to synthesize urea on metal-nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts: a theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11158-11166. [PMID: 34328160 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01390d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fossil fuels have been increasingly consumed since the industrial revolution, causing rapid increases in carbon dioxide emissions and disrupting the global carbon cycle. With increasing attention being paid to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide as a "greenhouse gas", its use as a feedstock for basic chemical production is an attractive topic. Nature benefits humans through "crops brought by thunderstorms". Combining these two methods to produce urea containing nitrogen is the focus of this paper. In this paper, a series of catalysts supported on the substituted corrole substrates in the form of a double transition metal are investigated by DFT calculations. The best catalyst was selected and combined with carbon and nitrogen reduction to further explore the catalytic performance of urea synthesis. Based on this study, it was found that the synergistic catalytic strategy of double active sites had broad prospects in urea synthesis, and could also provide new development strategies for the design of other efficient molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, Ministry of Education, The School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China.
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Highly uniform Ni particles with phosphorus and adjacent defects catalyze 1,5-dinitronaphthalene hydrogenation with excellent catalytic performance. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Yu Z, Yao K, Zhang S, Liu Y, Sun Y, Huang W, Hu N. Morphological and reactive optimization of g-C 3N 4-derived Co,N-codoped carbon nanotubes for hydrogen evolution reaction. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05870j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scheme for the synthesis of bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuochen Yu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Kaida Yao
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yueqiu Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Weimin Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries of Ministry of Education
| | - Nan Hu
- Changchun Institute of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
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Palladium Catalysts Based on Porous Aromatic Frameworks, Modified with Ethanolamino-Groups, for Hydrogenation of Alkynes, Alkenes and Dienes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work describes an attempt to synthesize hybrid materials combining porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) and dendrimers and use them to obtain novel highly active and selective palladium catalysts. PAFs are carbon porous materials with rigid aromatic structure and high stability, and the dendrimers are macromolecules which can effectively stabilize metal nanoparticles and tune their activity in catalytic reactions. Two porous aromatic frameworks, PAF-20 and PAF-30, are modified step-by-step with diethanolamine and hydroxyl groups at the ends of which are replaced by new diethanolamine molecules. Then, palladium nanoparticles are applied to the synthesized materials. Properties of the obtained materials and catalysts are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, low temperature N2 adsorption and elemental analysis. The resulting catalysts are successfully applied as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes at very high (up to 90,000) substrate/Pd ratios.
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Garg G, Foltran S, Favier I, Pla D, Medina-González Y, Gómez M. Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by novel choline-based ionic liquids in glycerol applied in hydrogenation reactions. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Zhao Z, Wang Y. Thermoregulated Phase-Transfer Pd Nanocatalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of 1,5-Cyclooctadiene at Atmospheric Hydrogen Pressure. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Oliveira RL, Kerstien J, Schomäcker R, Thomas A. Pd nanoparticles confined in mesoporous N-doped carbon silica supports: a synergistic effect between catalyst and support. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles of similar size were deposited on different supports, layers of carbon materials (with and without nitrogen doping) on the surface of a MCF (mesocellular foam) silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L. Oliveira
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Fakultät II
- Institut für Chemie: Funktionsmaterialien
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Julius Kerstien
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Fakultät II
- Institut für Chemie
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Fakultät II
- Institut für Chemie
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Fakultät II
- Institut für Chemie: Funktionsmaterialien
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
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12
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Biowaste soybean curd residue-derived Pd/nitrogen-doped porous carbon with excellent catalytic performance for phenol hydrogenation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 533:259-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Understanding Heteroatom-Mediated Metal–Support Interactions in Functionalized Carbons: A Perspective Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based materials show unique chemicophysical properties, and they have been successfully used in many catalytic processes, including the production of chemicals and energy. The introduction of heteroatoms (N, B, P, S) alters the electronic properties, often increasing the reactivity of the surface of nanocarbons. The functional groups on the carbons have been reported to be effective for anchoring metal nanoparticles. Although the interaction between functional groups and metal has been studied by various characterization techniques, theoretical models, and catalytic results, the role and nature of heteroatoms is still an object of discussion. The aim of this review is to elucidate the metal–heteroatoms interaction, providing an overview of the main experimental and theoretical outcomes about heteroatom-mediated metal–support interactions. Selected studies showing the effect of heteroatom–metal interaction in the liquid-phase alcohol oxidation will be also presented.
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14
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Nassor ECO, Mambrini RV, dos Santos EN, Moura FCC, Araujo MH. NiMo/C Used as Magnetic Support for SILP Catalysts. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Khatioda R, Pathak D, Sarma B. Cu(II) Complex onto a Pyridine‐Based Porous Organic Polymer as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Nitroarene Reduction. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Khatioda
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University, Napaam - 784028 Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Debabrat Pathak
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University, Napaam - 784028 Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University, Napaam - 784028 Tezpur, Assam India
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16
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Li Y, Cheng H, Lin W, Zhang C, Wu Q, Zhao F, Arai M. Solvent effects on heterogeneous catalysis in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over a conventional Pd/C catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface of Pd particles is modified by pyridine and this promotes the hydrogenation of CO in CAL over Pd/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Haiyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Fengyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
| | - Masahiko Arai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
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Ruiz-García C, Heras F, Alonso-Morales N, Calvo L, Rodriguez JJ, Gilarranz MA. Enhancement of the activity of Pd/C catalysts in aqueous phase hydrodechlorination through doping of carbon supports. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Improved catalytic activity in the hydrodechlorination reaction at room temperature with N-doped carbon as the support of Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Heras
- Sección de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | | | - Luisa Calvo
- Sección de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Juan J. Rodriguez
- Sección de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Miguel A. Gilarranz
- Sección de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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