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Wang H, Nie X, Liu Y, Janik MJ, Han X, Deng Y, Hu W, Song C, Guo X. Mechanistic Insight into Hydrocarbon Synthesis via CO 2 Hydrogenation on χ-Fe 5C 2 Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37637-37651. [PMID: 35969512 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Converting CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels is one of the promising approaches to alleviate CO2 emissions, reduce the dependence on nonrenewable energy resources, and minimize the negative environmental effect of fossil fuels. This work used density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with microkinetic modeling to provide fundamental insight into the mechanisms of CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons over the iron carbide catalyst, with a focus on understanding the energetically favorable pathways and kinetic controlling factors for selective hydrocarbon production. The crystal orbital Hamiltonian population analysis demonstrated that the transition states associated with O-H bond formation steps within the path are less stable than those of C-H bond formation, accounting for the observed higher barriers in O-H bond formation from DFT. Energetically favorable pathways for CO2 hydrogenation to CH4 and C2H4 products were identified which go through an HCOO intermediate, while the CH* species was found to be the key C1 intermediate over χ-Fe5C2(510). The microkinetic modeling results showed that the relative selectivity to CH4 is higher than C2H4 in CO2 hydrogenation, but the trend is opposite under CO hydrogenation conditions. The major impact on C2 hydrocarbon production is attributed to the high surface coverage of O* from CO2 conversion, which occupies crucial active sites and impedes C-C couplings to C2 species over χ-Fe5C2(510). The coexistence of iron oxide and carbide phases was proposed and the interfacial sites created between the two phases impact CO2 surface chemistry. Adding potassium into the Fe5C2 catalyst accelerates O* removal from the carbide surface, enhances the stability of the iron carbide catalyst, thus, promotes C-C couplings to hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaowa Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Michael J Janik
- EMS Energy Institute, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, and Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yida Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunshan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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2
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Guo X, Liu B, Gao X, He F, Ma Q, Fan S, Zhao TS, Tian J, Reubroycharoen P, Zhang J. Improved olefin selectivity during CO hydrogenation on hydrophilic Fe/HAP catalysts. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kreissl H, Jin J, Lin SH, Schüette D, Störtte S, Levin N, Chaudret B, Vorholt AJ, Bordet A, Leitner W. Commercial Cu 2 Cr 2 O 5 Decorated with Iron Carbide Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Catalyst for Magnetically Induced Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26639-26646. [PMID: 34617376 PMCID: PMC9298693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Copper chromite is decorated with iron carbide nanoparticles, producing a magnetically activatable multifunctional catalytic system. This system (ICNPs@Cu2Cr2O5) can reduce aromatic ketones to aromatic alcohols when exposed to magnetic induction. Under magnetic excitation, the ICNPs generate locally confined hot spots, selectively activating the Cu2Cr2O5 surface while the global temperature remains low (≈80 °C). The catalyst selectively hydrogenates a scope of benzylic and non‐benzylic ketones under mild conditions (3 bar H2, heptane), while ICNPs@Cu2Cr2O5 or Cu2Cr2O5 are inactive when the same global temperature is adjusted by conventional heating. A flow reactor is presented that allows the use of magnetic induction for continuous‐flow hydrogenation at elevated pressure. The excellent catalytic properties of ICNPs@Cu2Cr2O5 for the hydrogenation of biomass‐derived furfuralacetone are conserved for at least 17 h on stream, demonstrating for the first time the application of a magnetically heated catalyst to a continuously operated hydrogenation reaction in the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kreissl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jing Jin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüette
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sven Störtte
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets., Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, CNRS-UMR5215, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Andreas J Vorholt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexis Bordet
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Kreissl H, Jin J, Lin S, Schüette D, Störtte S, Levin N, Chaudret B, Vorholt AJ, Bordet A, Leitner W. Commercial Cu
2
Cr
2
O
5
Decorated with Iron Carbide Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Catalyst for Magnetically Induced Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kreissl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jing Jin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sheng‐Hsiang Lin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Dirk Schüette
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sven Störtte
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets. Université de Toulouse INSA UPS LPCNO CNRS-UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Alexis Bordet
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
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Rivas-Murias B, Asensio JM, Mille N, Rodríguez-González B, Fazzini PF, Carrey J, Chaudret B, Salgueiriño V. Magnetically Induced CO 2 Methanation Using Exchange-Coupled Spinel Ferrites in Cuboctahedron-Shaped Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15537-15542. [PMID: 32574410 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced catalysis can be promoted taking advantage of optimal heating properties from the magnetic nanoparticles to be employed. However, when unprotected, these heating agents that are usually air-sensitive, get sintered under the harsh catalytic conditions. In this context, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first example of air-stable magnetic nanoparticles that: 1) show excellent performance as heating agents in the CO2 methanation catalyzed by Ni/SiRAlOx, with CH4 yields above 95 %, and 2) do not sinter under reaction conditions. To attain both characteristics we demonstrate, first the exchange-coupled magnetic approach as an alternative and effective way to tune the magnetic response and heating efficiency, and second, the chemical stability of cuboctahedron-shaped core-shell hard CoFe2 O4 -soft Fe3 O4 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rivas-Murias
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan M Asensio
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Mille
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pier-Francesco Fazzini
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Julian Carrey
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Verónica Salgueiriño
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Rivas‐Murias B, Asensio JM, Mille N, Rodríguez‐González B, Fazzini P, Carrey J, Chaudret B, Salgueiriño V. Magnetically Induced CO
2
Methanation Using Exchange‐Coupled Spinel Ferrites in Cuboctahedron‐Shaped Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rivas‐Murias
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and CINBIO Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Juan M. Asensio
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO) Université de Toulouse CNRS INSA UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Nicolas Mille
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO) Université de Toulouse CNRS INSA UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | | | - Pier‐Francesco Fazzini
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO) Université de Toulouse CNRS INSA UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Julian Carrey
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO) Université de Toulouse CNRS INSA UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO) Université de Toulouse CNRS INSA UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Verónica Salgueiriño
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and CINBIO Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
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7
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Transition Metal Carbides (TMCs) Catalysts for Gas Phase CO2 Upgrading Reactions: A Comprehensive Overview. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for CO2 utilization reactions and the stable character of CO2 have motivated interest in developing highly active, selective and stable catalysts. Precious metal catalysts have been studied extensively due to their high activities, but their implementation for industrial applications is hindered due to their elevated cost. Among the materials which have comparatively low prices, transition metal carbides (TMCs) are deemed to display catalytic properties similar to Pt-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt) in several reactions such as hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. In addition, they are excellent substrates to disperse metallic particles. Hence, the unique properties of TMCs make them ideal substitutes for precious metals resulting in promising catalysts for CO2 utilization reactions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances on TMCs catalysts towards gas phase CO2 utilization processes, such as CO2 methanation, reverse water gas shift (rWGS) and dry reforming of methane (DRM). We have carefully analyzed synthesis procedures, performances and limitations of different TMCs catalysts. Insights on material characteristics such as crystal structure and surface chemistry and their connection with the catalytic activity are also critically reviewed.
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8
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Huang W, Zhang X, Yang AC, Goodman ED, Kao KC, Cargnello M. Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Methane Combustion through in Situ Water Sorption. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emmett D. Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kun-Che Kao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Engineering Iron–Nickel Nanoparticles for Magnetically Induced CO
2
Methanation in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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De Masi D, Asensio JM, Fazzini P, Lacroix L, Chaudret B. Engineering Iron–Nickel Nanoparticles for Magnetically Induced CO
2
Methanation in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6187-6191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Déborah De Masi
- Université de ToulouseINSALPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets)CNRS, UMR 5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Juan M. Asensio
- Université de ToulouseINSALPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets)CNRS, UMR 5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Pier‐Francesco Fazzini
- Université de ToulouseINSALPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets)CNRS, UMR 5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Lise‐Marie Lacroix
- Université de ToulouseINSALPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets)CNRS, UMR 5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Université de ToulouseINSALPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets)CNRS, UMR 5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
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Bordet A, Landis RF, Lee Y, Tonga GY, Soulantica K, Rotello VM, Chaudret B. Water-Dispersible and Biocompatible Iron Carbide Nanoparticles with High Specific Absorption Rate. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2870-2878. [PMID: 30822381 PMCID: PMC7430224 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are important tools for biomedicine, where they serve as versatile multifunctional instruments for a wide range of applications. Among these applications, magnetic hyperthermia is of special interest for the destruction of tumors and triggering of drug delivery. However, many applications of magnetic nanoparticles require high-quality magnetic nanoparticles displaying high specific absorption rates (SARs), which remains a challenge today. We report here the functionalization and stabilization in aqueous media of highly magnetic 15 nm iron carbide nanoparticles featuring excellent heating power through magnetic induction. The challenge of achieving water solubility and colloidal stability was addressed by designing and using specific dopamine-based ligands. The resulting nanoparticles were completely stable for several months in water, phosphate, phosphate-buffered saline, and serum-containing media. Iron carbide nanoparticles displayed high SARs in water and viscous media (water/glycerol mixtures), even after extended exposition to water and oxygen (SAR up to 1000 W·g-1 in water at 100 kHz, 47 mT). The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of iron carbide nanoparticles could be easily tuned and were highly dependent on the chemical structure of the ligands used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan F. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - YiWei Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gulen Y. Tonga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Bruno Chaudret: , Pr. Vincent M. Rotello:
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Bruno Chaudret: , Pr. Vincent M. Rotello:
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Kale SS, Asensio JM, Estrader M, Werner M, Bordet A, Yi D, Marbaix J, Fazzini PF, Soulantica K, Chaudret B. Iron carbide or iron carbide/cobalt nanoparticles for magnetically-induced CO2 hydrogenation over Ni/SiRAlOx catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have been used as heating agents in CO2 methanation under continuous flow catalyzed by nickel nanoparticles (Ni/SiRAlOx).
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13
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Guo L, Cui Y, Zhang P, Peng X, Yoneyama Y, Yang G, Tsubaki N. Enhanced Liquid Fuel Production from CO2
Hydrogenation: Catalytic Performance of Bimetallic Catalysts over a Two-Stage Reactor System. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering; University of Toyama Gofuku 3190; Toyama 930-8555 Japan
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering; University of Toyama Gofuku 3190; Toyama 930-8555 Japan
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering; University of Toyama Gofuku 3190; Toyama 930-8555 Japan
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba; Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering; University of Toyama Gofuku 3190; Toyama 930-8555 Japan
| | - Guohui Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering; University of Toyama Gofuku 3190; Toyama 930-8555 Japan
| | - Noritatsu Tsubaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering; University of Toyama Gofuku 3190; Toyama 930-8555 Japan
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