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Ni P, Gao C, Wu J, Song W, Li X, Wei W, Chen X, Liu L. Production of 1,4-Butanediol from Succinic Acid Using Escherichia Coli Whole-Cell Catalysis. Chembiochem 2024:e202400142. [PMID: 38742957 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The widespread attention towards 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as a key chemical raw material stems from its potential in producing biodegradable plastics. However, the efficiency of its biosynthesis via current bioprocesses is limited. In this study, a dual-pathway approach for 1,4-BDO production from succinic acid was developed. Specifically, a double-enzyme catalytic pathway involving carboxylic acid reductase and ethanol dehydrogenase was proposed. Optimization of the expression levels of the pathway enzymes led to a significant 318 % increase in 1,4-BDO titer. Additionally, the rate-limiting enzyme MmCAR was engineered to enhance the kcat/KM values by 50 % and increase 1,4-BDO titer by 46.7 %. To address cofactor supply limitations, an NADPH and ATP cycling system was established, resulting in a 48.9 % increase in 1,4-BDO production. Ultimately, after 48 hours, 1,4-BDO titers reached 201 mg/L and 1555 mg/L in shake flask and 5 L fermenter, respectively. This work represents a significant advancement in 1,4-BDO synthesis from succinic acid, with potential applications in the organic chemical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ni
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
| | - Cong Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
| | - Xiulai Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122
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Wei X, Yang X, Hu C, Li Q, Liu Q, Wu Y, Xie L, Ning X, Li F, Cai T, Zhu Z, Zhang YHPJ, Zhang Y, Chen X, You C. ATP-free in vitro biotransformation of starch-derived maltodextrin into poly-3-hydroxybutyrate via acetyl-CoA. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3267. [PMID: 38627361 PMCID: PMC11021460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation (ivBT) facilitated by in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems (ivSEBs) has emerged as a highly promising biosynthetic platform. Several ivSEBs have been constructed to produce poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) via acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). However, some systems are hindered by their reliance on costly ATP, limiting their practicality. This study presents the design of an ATP-free ivSEB for one-pot PHB biosynthesis via acetyl-CoA utilizing starch-derived maltodextrin as the sole substrate. Stoichiometric analysis indicates this ivSEB can self-maintain NADP+/NADPH balance and achieve a theoretical molar yield of 133.3%. Leveraging simple one-pot reactions, our ivSEBs achieved a near-theoretical molar yield of 125.5%, the highest PHB titer (208.3 mM, approximately 17.9 g/L) and the fastest PHB production rate (9.4 mM/h, approximately 0.8 g/L/h) among all the reported ivSEBs to date, and demonstrated easy scalability. This study unveils the promising potential of ivBT for the industrial-scale production of PHB and other acetyl-CoA-derived chemicals from starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wei
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Hu
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangzi Li
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Leipeng Xie
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ning
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun You
- In vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
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Ji S, Zhou Y, Chen J, Yang M, Li C, Liu M, Liu Y, Jiang L. An ATP "Synthase" Derived from a Single Structural Domain of Bacterial Histidine Kinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318503. [PMID: 38311597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a vital energy source for living organisms, and its biosynthesis and precise concentration regulation often depend on macromolecular machinery composed of protein complexes or complicated multidomain proteins. We have identified a single-domain protein HK853CA derived from bacterial histidine kinases (HK) that can catalyze ATP synthesis efficiently. Here, we explored the reaction mechanism and multiple factors that influence this catalysis through a combination of experimental techniques and molecular simulations. Moreover, we optimized its enzymatic activity and applied it as an ATP replenishment machinery to other ATP-dependent systems. Our results broaden the understanding of ATP biosynthesis and show that the single CA domain can be applied as a new biomolecular catalyst used for ATP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Ji
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Maili Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Li Q, Meng D, You C. An artificial multi-enzyme cascade biocatalysis for biomanufacturing of nicotinamide mononucleotide from starch and nicotinamide in one-pot. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Qin Y, Li Q, Fan L, Ning X, Wei X, You C. Biomanufacturing by In Vitro Biotransformation (ivBT) Using Purified Cascade Multi-enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:1-27. [PMID: 37455283 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation (ivBT) refers to the use of an artificial biological reaction system that employs purified enzymes for the one-pot conversion of low-cost materials into biocommodities such as ethanol, organic acids, and amino acids. Unshackled from cell growth and metabolism, ivBT exhibits distinct advantages compared with metabolic engineering, including but not limited to high engineering flexibility, ease of operation, fast reaction rate, high product yields, and good scalability. These characteristics position ivBT as a promising next-generation biomanufacturing platform. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the enhancement of bulk enzyme preparation methods, the acquisition of enzymes with superior catalytic properties, and the development of sophisticated approaches for pathway design and system optimization. In alignment with the workflow of ivBT development, this chapter presents a systematic introduction to pathway design, enzyme mining and engineering, system construction, and system optimization. The chapter also proffers perspectives on ivBT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiangzi Li
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Fan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-Danish College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ning
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chun You
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
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Suryatin Alim G, Suzuki T, Honda K. Cell-Free Production and Regeneration of Cofactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:29-49. [PMID: 37306696 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cofactors, such as adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and coenzyme A, are involved in nearly 50% of enzymatic reactions and widely used in biocatalytic production of useful chemicals. Although commercial production of cofactors has been mostly dependent on extraction from microbial cells, this approach has a theoretical limitation to achieve a high-titer, high-yield production of cofactors owing to the tight regulation of cofactor biosynthesis in living cells. Besides the cofactor production, their regeneration is also a key challenge to enable continuous use of costly cofactors and improve the feasibility of enzymatic chemical manufacturing. Construction and implementation of enzyme cascades for cofactor biosynthesis and regeneration in a cell-free environment can be a promising approach to these challenges. In this chapter, we present the available tools for cell-free cofactor production and regeneration, the pros and cons, and how they can contribute to promote the industrial application of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladwin Suryatin Alim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Suzuki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Gladwin SA, Kenji O, Honda K. One-step preparation of cell-free ATP regeneration module based on non-oxidative glycolysis using thermophilic enzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200210. [PMID: 35642750 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an essential cofactor for energy-dependent enzymatic reactions that occur during in vitro biochemical conversion. Recently, an enzyme cascade based on non-oxidative glycolysis, which uses starch and orthophosphate as energy and phosphate sources, respectively, for the regeneration of ATP from adenosine diphosphate, has been developed (Wei et. al., ChemCatChem 2018 , 10 , 5597-5601). However, the 12 enzymes required for this system hampered its practical usability and further testing potential. Here, we addressed this issue by constructing co-expression vectors for the simultaneous gene expression of the 12 enzymes in a single expression strain. All enzymes were sourced from (hyper)thermophiles, which enabled a one-step purification via a heat-treatment process. We showed that the combination of the two enabled the ATP regeneration system to function in a single recombinant Escherichia coli strain. Additionally, this work provides a strategy to rationally design and control proteins expression levels in the co-expression vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Okano Kenji
- Kansai University: Kansai Daigaku, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, JAPAN
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- Osaka University: Osaka Daigaku, International Center for Biotechnology, 2-1 Yamadaoka, 565-0871, Suita, JAPAN
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Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor present in all domains of life and is involved in numerous metabolic pathways, including fatty acid metabolism, pyruvate oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the production of secondary metabolites. This characteristic makes CoA a commercially valuable compound in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and clinical industries. However, CoA is difficult to accumulate in living cells at a high level, since it is consumed in multiple metabolic pathways, hampering its manufacturing by typical cell cultivation and extraction approaches. The feedback inhibition by CoA to a biosynthetic enzyme, pantothenate kinase (PanK), is also a serious obstacle for the high-titer production of CoA. To overcome this challenge, in vitro production of CoA, in which the CoA biosynthetic pathway was reconstructed outside cells using recombinant thermophilic enzymes, was performed. The in vitro pathway was designed to be insensitive to the feedback inhibition of CoA using CoA-insensitive type III PanK from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus. Furthermore, a statistical approach using design of experiments (DOE) was employed to rationally determine the enzyme loading ratio to maximize the CoA production rate. Consequently, 0.94 mM CoA could be produced from 2 mM d-pantetheine through the designed pathway. We hypothesized that the insufficient conversion yield is attributed to the high Km value of T. thermophilus PanK toward ATP. Based on these observations, possible CoA regulation mechanisms in T. thermophilus and approaches to improve the feasibility of CoA production through the in vitro pathway have been investigated. IMPORTANCE The biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) in bacteria and eukaryotes is regulated by feedback inhibition targeting type I and type II pantothenate kinase (PanK). Type III PanK is found only in bacteria and is generally insensitive to CoA. Previously, type III PanK from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima was shown to defy this typical characteristic and instead shows inhibition toward CoA. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis combined with functional analysis of type III PanK from thermophiles revealed that the CoA-sensitive behavior of type III PanK from T. maritima is uncommon. We cloned type III PanKs from Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus sp. strain 30 and showed that neither enzyme's activities were inhibited by CoA. Furthermore, we utilized type III PanK for a one-pot cascade reaction to produce CoA.
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An ATP-free in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem facilitating one-pot stoichiometric conversion of starch to mannitol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1913-1924. [PMID: 33544214 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
D-Mannitol (hereinafter as mannitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol with diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. To overcome the drawbacks of the chemical hydrogenation method commonly used for mannitol production at present, there is a need to search for novel prospective mannitol production strategies that are of high yield and low cost. In this study, we present a novel approach for the stoichiometric synthesis of mannitol via an in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem using the low-cost starch as substrate. By dividing the overall reaction pathway into three modules which could be executed sequentially in one pot, our design aimed at the stoichiometric conversion of starch-based materials into mannitol in an ATP-independent and cofactor-balanced manner. At optimized conditions, high product yields of around 95-98% were achieved using both 10 g/L and 50 g/L maltodextrin as substrate, indicating the potential of our designed system for industrial applications. This study not only provides a high-efficient strategy for the synthesis of mannitol but also expands the product scope of sugar alcohols by the in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems using low-cost starch-based materials as the input. KEY POINTS : • We described a design-build-test-learn pipeline to construct in vitro biosystems. • The designed system comprised six key enzymes and another three enzymes. • The system converted maltodextrin stoichiometrically to mannitol in one pot.
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Chen H, Zhang YHPJ. Enzymatic regeneration and conservation of ATP: challenges and opportunities. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:16-33. [PMID: 33012193 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1826403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of life, has a central role in numerous biochemical reactions with potential for the synthesis of numerous high-value products. ATP can be regenerated by three types of mechanisms: substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation. Current ATP regeneration methods are mainly based on substrate level phosphorylation catalyzed by one enzyme, several cascade enzymes, or in vitro synthetic enzymatic pathways. Among them, polyphosphate kinases and acetate kinase, along with their respective phosphate donors, are the most popular approaches for in vitro ATP regeneration. For in vitro artificial pathways, either ATP-free or ATP-balancing strategies can be implemented via smart pathway design by choosing ATP-independent enzymes. Also, we discuss some remaining challenges and suggest perspectives, especially for industrial biomanufacturing. Development of ATP regeneration systems featuring low cost, high volumetric productivity, long lifetime, flexible compatibility, and great robustness could be one of the bottom-up strategies for cascade biocatalysis and in vitro synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China
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Mordhorst S, Andexer JN. Round, round we go - strategies for enzymatic cofactor regeneration. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1316-1333. [PMID: 32582886 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00004c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the beginning of 2020Enzymes depending on cofactors are essential in many biosynthetic pathways of natural products. They are often involved in key steps: catalytic conversions that are difficult to achieve purely with synthetic organic chemistry. Hence, cofactor-dependent enzymes have great potential for biocatalysis, on the condition that a corresponding cofactor regeneration system is available. For some cofactors, these regeneration systems require multiple steps; such complex enzyme cascades/multi-enzyme systems are (still) challenging for in vitro biocatalysis. Further, artificial cofactor analogues have been synthesised that are more stable, show an altered reaction range, or act as inhibitors. The development of bio-orthogonal systems that can be used for the production of modified natural products in vivo is an ongoing challenge. In light of the recent progress in this field, this review aims to provide an overview of general strategies involving enzyme cofactors, cofactor analogues, and regeneration systems; highlighting the current possibilities for application of enzymes using some of the most common cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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