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1
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Shi J, Seo S, Schuster NJ, Kim H, Bent SF. Ionic Liquid-Mediated Route to Atomic Layer Deposition of Tin(II) Oxide via a C–C Bond Cleavage Ligand Modification Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21772-21782. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seunggi Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel J. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Stacey F. Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Mockenhaupt B, Özcan F, Dalebout R, Mangelsen S, Machowski T, de Jongh PE, Behrens M. Cu‐Co/ZnAl
2
O
4
Catalysts for CO Conversion to Higher Alcohols Synthesized from Co‐Precipitated Hydrotalcite Precursors. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mockenhaupt
- University of Duisburg-Essen Inorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
- University of Kiel Inorganic Chemistry Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Fatih Özcan
- University of Duisburg-Essen Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Particle Science and Technology Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Remco Dalebout
- Utrecht University Materials Chemistry and Catalysis Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Machowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen Inorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Utrecht University Materials Chemistry and Catalysis Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Malte Behrens
- University of Duisburg-Essen Inorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
- University of Kiel Inorganic Chemistry Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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3
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Lin T, An Y, Yu F, Gong K, Yu H, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhong L. Advances in Selectivity Control for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis to Fuels and Chemicals with High Carbon Efficiency. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yunlei An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Kun Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Caiqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Liangshu Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
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4
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Asundi AS, Nathan SS, Hong J, Hoffman AS, Pennel M, Bare SR, Bent SF. Identifying higher oxygenate synthesis sites in Cu catalysts promoted and stabilized by atomic layer deposited Fe2O3. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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van Ravenhorst IK, Hoffman AS, Vogt C, Boubnov A, Patra N, Oord R, Akatay C, Meirer F, Bare SR, Weckhuysen BM. On the Cobalt Carbide Formation in a Co/TiO 2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst as Studied by High-Pressure, Long-Term Operando X-ray Absorption and Diffraction. ACS Catal 2021; 11:2956-2967. [PMID: 33815895 PMCID: PMC8016113 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed on a Co/TiO2 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst at 16 bar for (at least) 48 h time-on-stream in both a synchrotron facility and a laboratory-based X-ray diffractometer. Cobalt carbide formation was observed earlier during FTS with operando XAS than with XRD. This apparent discrepancy is due to the higher sensitivity of XAS to a short-range order. Interestingly, in both cases, the product formation does not noticeably change when cobalt carbide formation is detected. This suggests that cobalt carbide formation is not a major deactivation mechanism, as is often suggested for FTS. Moreover, no cobalt oxide formation was detected by XAS or XRD. In other words, one of the classical proposals invoked to explain Co/TiO2 catalyst deactivation could not be supported by our operando X-ray characterization data obtained at close to industrially relevant reaction conditions. Furthermore, a bimodal cobalt particle distribution was observed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, while product formation remained relatively stable. The bimodal distribution is most probably due to the mobility and migration of the cobalt nanoparticles during FTS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse K. van Ravenhorst
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Adam S. Hoffman
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Charlotte Vogt
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem91905, Israel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nirmalendu Patra
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Cem Akatay
- Honeywell
UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois 60016, United States
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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6
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Chen Y, Wei J, Duyar MS, Ordomsky VV, Khodakov AY, Liu J. Carbon-based catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2337-2366. [PMID: 33393529 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is an essential approach to convert coal, biomass, and shale gas into fuels and chemicals, such as lower olefins, gasoline, diesel, and so on. In recent years, there has been increasing motivation to deploy FTS at commercial scales which has been boosting the discovery of high performance catalysts. In particular, the importance of support in modulating the activity of metals has been recognized and carbonaceous materials have attracted attention as supports for FTS. In this review, we summarised the substantial progress in the preparation of carbon-based catalysts for FTS by applying activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon spheres (CSs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived carbonaceous materials as supports. A general assessment of carbon-based catalysts for FTS, concerning the support and metal properties, activity and products selectivity, and their interactions is systematically discussed. Finally, current challenges and future trends in the development of carbon-based catalysts for commercial utilization in FTS are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jiatong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China. and Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Melis S Duyar
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, and Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Vitaly V Ordomsky
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Andrei Y Khodakov
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China. and DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, and Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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7
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Moya-Cancino JG, Honkanen AP, van der Eerden AMJ, Oord R, Monai M, ten Have I, Sahle CJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF, Huotari S. In Situ X-ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy of the Formation of Cobalt Carbides in a Co/TiO2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Moya-Cancino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris ten Have
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- Beamline ID20, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Asundi AS, Hoffman AS, Nathan SS, Boubnov A, Bare SR, Bent SF. Impurity Control in Catalyst Design: The Role of Sodium in Promoting and Stabilizing Co and Co
2
C for Syngas Conversion. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun S. Asundi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Adam S. Hoffman
- SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Sindhu S. Nathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Stacey F. Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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9
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Nathan SS, Asundi AS, Singh JA, Hoffman AS, Boubnov A, Hong J, Bare SR, Bent SF. Understanding Support Effects of ZnO‐Promoted Co Catalysts for Syngas Conversion to Alcohols Using Atomic Layer Deposition. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu S. Nathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University 443 Via Ortega Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Arun S. Asundi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University 443 Via Ortega Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Joseph A. Singh
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 443 Via Ortega Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Adam S. Hoffman
- SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
- Present Address: Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jiyun Hong
- SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Stacey F. Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University 443 Via Ortega Stanford CA 94305 USA
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10
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Asundi AS, Hoffman AS, Chi M, Nathan SS, Boubnov A, Hong J, Bare SR, Bent SF. Enhanced alcohol production over binary Mo/Co carbide catalysts in syngas conversion. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Paterson J, Partington R, Peacock M, Sullivan K, Wilson J, Xu Z. Elucidating the Role of Bifunctional Cobalt‐Manganese Catalyst Interactions for Higher Alcohol Synthesis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Paterson
- BP, Centre of Expertise for Applied Chemistry and Physics Saltend Chemicals Park HU12 8DS Hull UK
| | - Roy Partington
- BP, Centre of Expertise for Applied Chemistry and Physics Saltend Chemicals Park HU12 8DS Hull UK
| | - Mark Peacock
- Analytical Group BP, Analytical Group, Petrochemicals 12 8DS Hull UK
| | - Kay Sullivan
- Analytical Group BP, Analytical Group, Petrochemicals 12 8DS Hull UK
| | - Jon Wilson
- Analytical Group BP, Analytical Group, Petrochemicals 12 8DS Hull UK
| | - Zhuoran Xu
- BP, CoE ACP 150 West Warrenville Rd 60563 Naperville Illinois USA
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12
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Gholami Z, Tišler Z, Rubáš V. Recent advances in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using cobalt-based catalysts: a review on supports, promoters, and reactors. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2020.1762367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gholami
- Unipetrol Centre of Research and Education, Litvínov, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Tišler
- Unipetrol Centre of Research and Education, Litvínov, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Rubáš
- Unipetrol Centre of Research and Education, Litvínov, Czech Republic
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13
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Zhu Y, Guo H, Zhang J, An Z, Shu X, Song H, Xiang X, He J. CoGa Particles Stabilized by the Combination of Alloyed Ga 0 and Lattice Ga III Species. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhe An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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14
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Moya‐Cancino JG, Honkanen A, van der Eerden AMJ, Schaink H, Folkertsma L, Ghiasi M, Longo A, Meirer F, de Groot FMF, Huotari S, Weckhuysen BM. Elucidating the K‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Near‐Edge Structure of Cobalt Carbide. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Moya‐Cancino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ari‐Pekka Honkanen
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki PO Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Herrick Schaink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lieven Folkertsma
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Mahnaz Ghiasi
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Longo
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline BM26European Synchrotron Radiation (ESRF) Facility CS 40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)-CNR, USO Via Ugo La Malfa, 153 90146 Palermo Italy
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki PO Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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