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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Fioco D, Folli A, Platts J, Chiesa M, Murphy DM. A Continuous-Wave EPR Investigation into the Photochemical Transformations of the Chromium(I) Carbonyl Complex [Cr(CO) 4bis(diphenylphosphino)] + and Reactivity with 1-hexene. Molecules 2024; 29:392. [PMID: 38257305 PMCID: PMC10819051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromium complexes containing a bis(diphenylphosphino) ligand have attracted significant interest over many years due to their potential as active catalysts for ethylene oligomerisation when combined with suitable co-catalysts such as triethylaluminium (TEA) or methylaluminoxane (MAO). While there has been considerable attention devoted to the possible reaction intermediates and the nature of the Cr oxidation states involved, the potential UV photoactivity of the Cr(I) complexes has so far been overlooked. Therefore, to explore the photoinduced transformations of bis(diphenylphosphino) stabilized Cr(I) complexes, we used continuous-wave (CW) EPR to study the effects of UV radiation on a cationic [Cr(CO)4(dppp)]+[Al(OC(CF3)3)4]- complex (1), where dppp represents the 1,3 bis-(diphenylphosphino)propane ligand, Ph2P(C3H6)PPh2. Our preliminary investigations into the photochemistry of this complex revealed that [Cr(CO)4(dppp)]+ (1) can be readily photo-converted into an intermediate mer-[Cr(CO)3(κ1-dppp)(κ2-dppp)]+ complex (2) and eventually into a trans-[Cr(CO)2(dppp)2]+ complex (3) in solution at room temperature under UV-A light. Here, we show that the intermediate species (2) involved in this transformation can be identified by EPR at much lower temperature (140 K) and at a specific wavelength (highlighting the wavelength dependency of the reaction). In addition, small amounts of a 'piano-stool'-type complex, namely [Cr(CO)2(dppp-η6-arene)]+ (4), can also be formed during the photoconversion of [Cr(CO)4(dppp)]+ using UV-A light. There was no evidence for the formation of the [Cr(L-bis-η6-arene)]+ complex (5) in these UV irradiation experiments. For the first time, we also evidence the formation of a 1-hexene coordinated [Cr(CO)3(dppp)(1-hexene)]+ complex (6) following UV irradiation of [Cr(CO)4(dppp)]+ in the presence of 1-hexene; this result demonstrates the unprecedented opportunity for exploiting light activation during Cr-driven olefin oligomerisation catalysis, instead of expensive, difficult-to-handle, and hazardous chemical activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fioco
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (A.F.); (J.P.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica e NIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Andrea Folli
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (A.F.); (J.P.)
| | - James Platts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (A.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e NIS Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Damien M. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (A.F.); (J.P.)
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3
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Ashuiev A, Giorgia Nobile A, Trummer D, Klose D, Guda S, Safonova OV, Copéret C, Guda A, Jeschke G. Active Sites in Cr(III)-Based Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts from Machine-Learning-Supported XAS and EPR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313348. [PMID: 37970660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene polymerization Phillips catalyst has been employed for decades and is central to the polymer industry. While Cr(III) alkyl species are proposed to be the propagating sites, there is so far no direct experimental evidence for such proposal. In this work, by coupling Surface organometallic chemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and machine learning-supported XAS studies, we have studied the electronic structure of well-defined silica-supported Cr(III) alkyls and identified the presence of several surface species in high and low-spin states, associated with different coordination environments. Notably, low-spin Cr(III) sites are shown to participate in ethylene polymerization, indicating that similar Cr(III) alkyl species could be involved in the related Phillips catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ashuiev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Giorgia Nobile
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Trummer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Klose
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sergey Guda
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Olga V Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institut, WLGA/217, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Guda
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Vielhaber T, Faust K, Bögl T, Schöfberger W, Topf C. A Triphos-Modified Tungsten Piano-Stool Complex for the Homogeneous (Conjugate) Hydrogenation of Ketones and Esters. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Chromium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes facilitated by a simple metal carbonyl complex. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Jaseer EA, Garcia N, Barman S, Khawaji M, Xu W, Alasiri H, Peedikakkal AMP, Akhtar MN, Theravalappil R. Highly Efficient Ethylene Tetramerization Using Cr Catalysts Constructed with Trifluoromethyl-Substituted N-Aryl PNP Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16333-16340. [PMID: 35601288 PMCID: PMC9118391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetramerization of ethylene by chromium catalysts stabilized with functionalized N-aryl phosphineamine ligands C6H4(m-CF3)N(PPh2)2 (1), C6H4(p-CF3)N(PPh2)2 (2), C6H4(o-CF3)N=PPh2-PPh2 (3), and C6H3(3,5-bis(CF3))N(PPh2)2 (4) was evaluated. The parameter optimization includes temperature, co-catalyst, and solvent. Upon activation with MMAO-3A, the new catalyst system especially with m-functional PNP ligand (1) exhibited high 1-octene selectivity and productivity while giving minimum undesirable polyethylene and C10 + olefin by-products. Using PhCl as a solvent at 75 °C led to a remarkable α-olefin (1-C6 + 1-C8) selectivity (>90 wt %) at a reaction rate of 2000 kg·gCr -1·h-1. Under identical conditions, analogous PNP ligands bearing -CH3, -Et, and -Cl functional moieties at the meta position of the N-phenyl ring displayed significantly lower reactivity. The catalyst with p-functional ligand (2) exhibited lower activity and comparable selectivities, while the Cr/PPN (with ligand 3) system gave no noticeable reactivity. The molecular structure of the precatalyst (1-Cr), exhibiting a monomeric structural feature, was elucidated with the aid of single-crystal X-ray diffraction study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Jaseer
- Center
for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nestor Garcia
- Center
for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Barman
- Center
for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Motaz Khawaji
- Chemicals
R&D, Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34464, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei Xu
- Chemicals
R&D, Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34464, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alasiri
- Center
for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical
Engineering Department, King Fahd University
of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik P. Peedikakkal
- Department
of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Naseem Akhtar
- Center
for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Theravalappil
- Center
for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Liu M, Zhang R, Ma Y, Han M, Solan GA, Yang W, Liang T, Sun WH. Trifluoromethoxy-substituted nickel catalysts for producing highly branched polyethylenes: impact of solvent, activator and N,N′-ligand on polymer properties. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly branched and narrowly dispersed polyethylenes with high or ultra-high molecular weights are accessible using the depicted nickel precatalyst/activator combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Randi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Wenhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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8
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Petit J, Magna L, Mézailles N. Alkene oligomerization via metallacycles: Recent advances and mechanistic insights. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Milani JLS, Biajoli AFP, Batista FI, Oliboni RS, Casagrande OL. Chromium complexes supported by bidentate thioether-imine [N,S] ligands: synthesis and ethylene oligomerization studies. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromium complexes bearing thioether-imine ligands were synthesized and their catalytic behavior in ethylene oligomerization has been investigated, evaluating the effect of the ligand and the experimental parameters on the activity, selectivity, and product distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. S. Milani
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - A. F. P. Biajoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - F. I. Batista
- Centro de Ciências Químicas
- Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA
- 96010-900, Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - R. S. Oliboni
- Centro de Ciências Químicas
- Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA
- 96010-900, Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - O. L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
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10
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Milani JL, Casagrande OL. Chromium Complexes Supported by Phenyl Ether‐Pyrazolyl [N,O] Ligands as Catalysts for the Oligo‐ and Polymerization of Ethylene. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L.S. Milani
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
| | - Osvaldo L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
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11
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Gregori BJ, Nowakowski M, Schoch A, Pöllath S, Zweck J, Bauer M, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Stereoselective Chromium‐Catalyzed Semi‐Hydrogenation of Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J. Gregori
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin Luther King Pl 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Michal Nowakowski
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Paderborn Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Anke Schoch
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Paderborn Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Simon Pöllath
- Dept. of Physics University of Regensburg Universitaetsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Josef Zweck
- Dept. of Physics University of Regensburg Universitaetsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Paderborn Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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12
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Venderbosch B, Wolzak LA, Oudsen JPH, de Bruin B, Korstanje TJ, Tromp M. Role of the ligand and activator in selective Cr–PNP ethene tri- and tetramerization catalysts – a spectroscopic study. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the ethene tetramerization catalyst ((C6H5)2P)2NiPrCrCl3(THF), and trimerization catalyst ((o-C6H4OMe)2P)2NMeCrCl3, with AlMe3 and MMAO was investigated using spectroscopy (Cr K-edge XAS, X-band EPR and UV-vis) and catalytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Venderbosch
- Sustainable Materials Characterization
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Lukas A. Wolzak
- Sustainable Materials Characterization
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre H. Oudsen
- Sustainable Materials Characterization
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Ties J. Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Materials Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
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