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Beck A, Newton MA, van de Water LGA, van Bokhoven JA. The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3-Based Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4543-4678. [PMID: 38564235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO2 and H2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO2. As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Viegas S, Marinheiro D, Bastos V, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Vieira R, Oliveira H, Almeida JC, Ferreira BJML. Resveratrol-Loaded Polydimethylsiloxane-Silica Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antitumoral Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:879. [PMID: 38611137 PMCID: PMC11013690 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, hybrid materials within the polydimethylsiloxane-silica (PDMS-SiO2) system, synthesized via the sol-gel method, were developed and characterized for their potential to incorporate and release the bioactive compound resveratrol (RES). RES was incorporated into the materials with a high loading efficiency (>75%) using the rotary evaporator technique. This incorporation induced the amorphization of RES, resulting in enhanced solubility and in vitro release when compared to the free polyphenolic compound. The release profiles displayed pH dependence, exhibiting notably faster release at pH 5.2 compared to pH 7.4. The gradual release of RES over time demonstrated an initial time lag of approximately 4 h, being well described by the Weibull model. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were conducted on human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63), revealing a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability for RES-loaded samples (for concentrations >50 µg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Viegas
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Marinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Verónica Bastos
- Department of Biology, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal (H.O.)
| | - Ana L. Daniel-da-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal (H.O.)
| | - José Carlos Almeida
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara J. M. L. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Zimmerli NK, Rochlitz L, Checchia S, Müller CR, Copéret C, Abdala PM. Structure and Role of a Ga-Promoter in Ni-Based Catalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Methanol. JACS AU 2024; 4:237-252. [PMID: 38274252 PMCID: PMC10806875 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Supported, bimetallic catalysts have shown great promise for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. In this study, we decipher the catalytically active structure of Ni-Ga-based catalysts. To this end, model Ni-Ga-based catalysts, with varying Ni:Ga ratios, were prepared by a surface organometallic chemistry approach. In situ differential pair distribution function (d-PDF) analysis revealed that catalyst activation in H2 leads to the formation of nanoparticles based on a Ni-Ga face-centered cubic (fcc) alloy along with a small quantity of GaOx. Structure refinements of the d-PDF data enabled us to determine the amount of both alloyed Ga and GaOx species. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments confirmed the presence of alloyed Ga and GaOx and indicated that alloying with Ga affects the electronic structure of metallic Ni (viz., Niδ-). Both the Ni:Ga ratio in the alloy and the quantity of GaOx are found to minimize methanation and to determine the methanol formation rate and the resulting methanol selectivity. The highest formation rate and methanol selectivity are found for a Ni-Ga alloy having a Ni:Ga ratio of ∼75:25 along with a small quantity of oxidized Ga species (0.14 molNi-1). Furthermore, operando infrared spectroscopy experiments indicate that GaOx species play a role in the stabilization of formate surface intermediates, which are subsequently further hydrogenated to methoxy species and ultimately to methanol. Notably, operando XAS shows that alloying between Ni and Ga is maintained under reaction conditions and is key to attaining a high methanol selectivity (by minimizing CO and CH4 formation), while oxidized Ga species enhance the methanol formation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora K. Zimmerli
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, CH 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Rochlitz
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Checchia
- ESRF
− The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph R. Müller
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, CH 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paula M. Abdala
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, CH 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Zhou H, Docherty SR, Phongprueksathat N, Chen Z, Bukhtiyarov AV, Prosvirin IP, Safonova OV, Urakawa A, Copéret C, Müller CR, Fedorov A. Combining Atomic Layer Deposition with Surface Organometallic Chemistry to Enhance Atomic-Scale Interactions and Improve the Activity and Selectivity of Cu-Zn/SiO 2 Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Methanol. JACS AU 2023; 3:2536-2549. [PMID: 37772188 PMCID: PMC10523371 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of methanol via the hydrogenation of CO2, if performed efficiently and selectively, is potentially a powerful technology for CO2 mitigation. Here, we develop an active and selective Cu-Zn/SiO2 catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 by introducing copper and zinc onto dehydroxylated silica via surface organometallic chemistry and atomic layer deposition, respectively. At 230 °C and 25 bar, the optimized catalyst shows an intrinsic methanol formation rate of 4.3 g h-1 gCu-1 and selectivity to methanol of 83%, with a space-time yield of 0.073 g h-1 gcat-1 at a contact time of 0.06 s g mL-1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Cu and Zn K-edges and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that the CuZn alloy displays reactive metal support interactions; that is, it is stable under H2 atmosphere and unstable under conditions of CO2 hydrogenation, indicating that the dealloyed structure contains the sites promoting methanol synthesis. While solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies identify methoxy species as the main stable surface adsorbate, transient operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy indicates that μ-HCOO*(ZnOx) species that form on the Cu-Zn/SiO2 catalyst are hydrogenated to methanol faster than the μ-HCOO*(Cu) species that are found in the Zn-free Cu/SiO2 catalyst, supporting the role of Zn in providing a higher activity in the Cu-Zn system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Scott R. Docherty
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nat Phongprueksathat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Zixuan Chen
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrey V. Bukhtiyarov
- Synchrotron
Radiation Facility SKIF, Boreskov Institute
of Catalysis SB RAS, 630559 Kol’tsovo, Russia
| | | | | | - Atsushi Urakawa
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph R. Müller
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Xiong W, Ding J, Wang D, Huang W. Cu Facet-Dependent Elementary Surface Reaction Kinetics of CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol Catalyzed by ZrO 2/Cu Inverse Catalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7229-7234. [PMID: 37552579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
ZrO2-Cu-based catalysts are active in catalyzing the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. Herein, we report Cu facet effects on the catalytic performance of ZrO2/Cu inverse catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol using various Cu nanocrystals with well-defined Cu morphologies and facets. The ZrO2-Cu interface is the active site, in which the ZrO2-Cu{100} and ZrO2-Cu{110} interfaces exhibit similar apparent activation energies of ∼42.6 kJ/mol, smaller than that of the ZrO2-Cu{111} interface (∼64.5 kJ/mol). Temporal in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy characterization results identify the bridge formate hydrogenation as the rate-determining elementary surface reaction under typical reaction temperatures, whose activation energy is similar at the ZrO2-Cu{100} (∼36.3 kJ/mol) and ZrO2-Cu{110} (∼40.5 kJ/mol) interfaces and larger at the ZrO2-Cu{111} interface (∼54.5 kJ/mol). This fundamental understanding suggests Cu facet engineering as a promising strategy to improve the catalytic performance of ZrO2/Cu inverse catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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6
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A review of in situ/Operando studies of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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7
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Villagra-Soza F, Godoy S, Karelovic A, Jiménez R. Scrutinizing the mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation over Ni, CO and bimetallic NiCo surfaces: Isotopic measurements, operando-FTIR experiments and kinetics modelling. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Banivaheb S, Pitter S, Delgado KH, Rubin M, Sauer J, Dittmeyer R. Recent Progress in Direct DME Synthesis and Potential of Bifunctional Catalysts. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Banivaheb
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Michael Rubin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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9
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Fehr SM, Nguyen K, Krossing I. Realistic
Operando‐
DRIFTS Studies on Cu/ZnO Catalysts for CO
2
Hydrogenation to Methanol – Direct Observation of Mono‐ionized Defect Sites and Implications for Reaction Intermediates. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Fehr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karin Nguyen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
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11
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Yu J, Yang M, Zhang J, Ge Q, Zimina A, Pruessmann T, Zheng L, Grunwaldt JD, Sun J. Stabilizing Cu+ in Cu/SiO2 Catalysts with a Shattuckite-Like Structure Boosts CO2 Hydrogenation into Methanol. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixin Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Lei Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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