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Panferov VG, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Post-Assay Chemical Enhancement for Highly Sensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassays: A Critical Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:866. [PMID: 37754100 PMCID: PMC10526817 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has found a broad application for testing in point-of-care (POC) settings. LFIA is performed using test strips-fully integrated multimembrane assemblies containing all reagents for assay performance. Migration of liquid sample along the test strip initiates the formation of labeled immunocomplexes, which are detected visually or instrumentally. The tradeoff of LFIA's rapidity and user-friendliness is its relatively low sensitivity (high limit of detection), which restricts its applicability for detecting low-abundant targets. An increase in LFIA's sensitivity has attracted many efforts and is often considered one of the primary directions in developing immunochemical POC assays. Post-assay enhancements based on chemical reactions facilitate high sensitivity. In this critical review, we explain the performance of post-assay chemical enhancements, discuss their advantages, limitations, compared limit of detection (LOD) improvements, and required time for the enhancement procedures. We raise concerns about the performance of enhanced LFIA and discuss the bottlenecks in the existing experiments. Finally, we suggest the experimental workflow for step-by-step development and validation of enhanced LFIA. This review summarizes the state-of-art of LFIA with chemical enhancement, offers ways to overcome existing limitations, and discusses future outlooks for highly sensitive testing in POC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily G. Panferov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
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Li H, Zhao H, Tao B, Xu G, Gu S, Wang G, Chang H. Pt-Based Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Controllable Preparation and Structural Design of Catalytic Layer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4173. [PMID: 36500796 PMCID: PMC9735689 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted extensive attention because of their high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and lack of noise pollution. However, PEMFCs still face many difficulties in practical application, such as insufficient power density, high cost, and poor durability. The main reason for these difficulties is the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode due to the insufficient stability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. Therefore, it is very important to develop advanced platinum (Pt)-based catalysts to realize low Pt loads and long-term operation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) modules to improve the performance of PEMFC. At present, the research on PEMFC has mainly been focused on two areas: Pt-based catalysts and the structural design of catalytic layers. This review focused on the latest research progress of the controllable preparation of Pt-based ORR catalysts and structural design of catalytic layers in PEMFC. Firstly, the design principle of advanced Pt-based catalysts was introduced. Secondly, the controllable preparation of catalyst structure, morphology, composition and support, and their influence on catalytic activity of ORR and overall performance of PEMFC, were discussed. Thirdly, the effects of optimizing the structure of the catalytic layer (CL) on the performance of MEA were analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of Pt-based catalysts and catalytic layer design were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Li
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Boran Tao
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guoxiao Xu
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Shaonan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong, Jinan Engineering Laboratory for Multi-Scale Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guofu Wang
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Haixin Chang
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery, School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
- Quantum-Nano Matter and Device Lab, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Snitkoff-Sol RZ, Elbaz L. Assessing and measuring the active site density of PGM-free ORR catalysts. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Liao W, Zhou S, Wang Z, Liu F, Pan H, Xie T, Wang Q. Engineering Pt Nanoparticles onto Resin‐Derived Iron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanostructure Boosts Oxygen Reduction Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Shangyan Zhou
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Zhengcheng Wang
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Fei Liu
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Hongyan Pan
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Tian Xie
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low-and medium-grade phosphate rock and its associated resources Guizhou Science City Baijin Avenue, Shawen Town, Baiyun District Guiyang Guizhou 550014 China
| | - Qingmei Wang
- Guizhou University Key Laboratory of Green Chemical and Clean Energy Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University JiaXiu South Road, Huaxi District Guiyang Guizhou 550025 China
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Peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme with surface-dispersed Pt atoms for the colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay of C-reactive protein. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:309. [PMID: 34453188 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-containing nanozymes with peroxidase-mimicking activity (PMA) have found a broad application in bioanalytical methods and are potentially able to compete with enzymes as the labels. However, traditionally used methods for the synthesis of nanozymes result in only a small fraction of surface-exposed Pt atoms, which participate in catalysis. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new approach for the synthesis of nanozymes with the efficient dispersion of Pt atoms on particles' surfaces. The synthesis of nanozymes includes three steps: the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the overgrowth of a silver layer over Au NPs (Au@Ag NPs, 6 types of NPs with different thicknesses of Ag shell), and the galvanic replacement of silver with PtCl62- leading to the formation of trimetallic Au@Ag-Pt NPs with uniformly deposited catalytic sites and high Pt-utilization efficiency. Au@Ag-Pt NPs (23 types of NPs with different concentrations of Pt) with various sizes, morphology, optical properties, and PMA were synthesized and comparatively tested. Using energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping, we confirm the formation of core@shell Au@Ag NPs and dispersion of surface-exposed Pt. The selected Au@Ag-Pt NPs were conjugated with monoclonal antibodies and used as the colorimetric and catalytic labels in lateral flow immunoassay of the inflammation biomarker: C-reactive protein (CRP). The colorimetric signal enhancement was achieved by the oxidation of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine by H2O2 catalyzed by Au@Ag-Pt NPs directly on the test strip. The use of Au@Ag-Pt NPs as the catalytic label produces a 65-fold lower limit of CRP detection in serum (15 pg mL-1) compared with Au NPs and ensures the lowest limit of detection for equipment-free lateral flow immunoassays. The assay shows a high correlation with data of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R2 = 0.986) and high recovery (83.7-116.2%) in serum and plasma. The assay retains all the benefits of lateral flow immunoassay as a point-of-care method.
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Lori O, Gonen S, Kapon O, Elbaz L. Durable Tungsten Carbide Support for Pt-Based Fuel Cells Cathodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8315-8323. [PMID: 33587602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop durable, corrosion-resistant catalyst support materials for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, modified polymer-assisted deposition method was used to synthesize tungsten carbide (WC, WC1-x), which was later used as a support material for Pt-based oxygen reduction reaction catalyst, as an alternative for the corrosion-susceptible, carbon supports. The Pt-deposited tungsten carbide's corrosion-resistance, oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis, and durability were studied and compared to that of Pt/C. Bulk free carbon was found to be absent from the ceramic matrix which had particle size in the range of 2-25 nm. Tungsten carbide support appears to enhance the oxygen reduction activity on Pt, showing an increase in mass activity (nearly 2-fold at 0.85 V vs RHE) and specific activity (more than 7 times higher), alongside decrease in overpotential, in comparison to Pt/C. A significant increase in durability was also observed with the tungsten carbide-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran Lori
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Shmuel Gonen
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Omree Kapon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Elbaz
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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Lu J, Zhu B, Sakaki S. O 2 activation by core-shell Ru 13@Pt 42 particles in comparison with Pt 55 particles: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36090-36100. [PMID: 35517069 PMCID: PMC9057003 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05738j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of O2 with a Ru13@Pt42 core-shell particle consisting of a Ru13 core and a Pt42 shell was theoretically investigated in comparison with Pt55. The O2 binding energy with Pt55 is larger than that with Ru13@Pt42, and O-O bond cleavage occurs more easily with a smaller activation barrier (E a) on Pt55 than on Ru13@Pt42. Protonation to the Pt42 surface followed by one-electron reduction leads to the formation of an H atom on the surface with considerable exothermicity. The H atom reacts with the adsorbed O2 molecule to afford an OOH species with a larger E a value on Pt55 than on Ru13@Pt42. An OOH species is also formed by protonation of the adsorbed O2 molecule, followed by one-electron reduction, with a large exothermicity in both Pt55 and Ru13@Pt42. O-OH bond cleavage occurs with a smaller E a on Pt55 than on Ru13@Pt42. The lower reactivity of Ru13@Pt42 than that of Pt55 on the O-O and O-OH bond cleavages arises from the presence of lower energy in the d-valence band-top and d-band center in Ru13@Pt42 than in Pt55. The smaller E a for OOH formation on Ru13@Pt42 than on Pt55 arises from weaker Ru13@Pt42-O2 and Ru13@Pt42-H bonds than the Pt55-O2 and Pt55-H bonds, respectively. The low-energy d-valence band-top is responsible for the weak Ru13@Pt42-O and Ru13@Pt42-OH bonds. Thus, the low-energy d-valence band-top and d-band center are important properties of the Ru13@Pt42 particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Textile Materials & Application, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University Goryo-Ohara 1-30, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan +81-75-383-3047 +81-75-383-3036
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University Goryo-Ohara 1-30, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan +81-75-383-3047 +81-75-383-3036.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry (FIFC), Kyoto University Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyou-ku Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
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