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Kamio S, Okamoto K, Yamagishi T, Nagaki A. Synthesis of Deuterated Compounds by Flow Chemistry. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300744. [PMID: 38450881 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Development of the efficient and practical method for the synthesis of deuterated compounds which occupies the broadest area among stable isotopes is one of the most essential issues toward the industrial advance and building a sustainable society. This review describes recent advances in deuteration reactions, where the continuous flow chemistry plays pivotal roles for the successful installation of deuterium atom into diverse organic frameworks, opening new fields of isotope-based synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kamio
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 006-8585, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamagishi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 006-8585, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Rowbotham JS, Nicholson JH, Ramirez MA, Urata K, Todd PMT, Karunanithy G, Lauterbach L, Reeve HA, Baldwin AJ, Vincent KA. Biocatalytic reductive amination as a route to isotopically labelled amino acids suitable for analysis of large proteins by NMR. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12160-12165. [PMID: 37969586 PMCID: PMC10631221 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01718d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate an atom-efficient and easy to use H2-driven biocatalytic platform for the enantioselective incorporation of 2H-atoms into amino acids. By combining the biocatalytic deuteration catalyst with amino acid dehydrogenase enzymes capable of reductive amination, we synthesised a library of multiply isotopically labelled amino acids from low-cost isotopic precursors, such as 2H2O and 15NH4+. The chosen approach avoids the use of pre-labeled 2H-reducing agents, and therefore vastly simplifies product cleanup. Notably, this strategy enables 2H, 15N, and an asymmetric centre to be introduced at a molecular site in a single step, with full selectivity, under benign conditions, and with near 100% atom economy. The method facilitates the preparation of amino acid isotopologues on a half-gram scale. These amino acids have wide applicability in the analytical life sciences, and in particular for NMR spectroscopic analysis of proteins. To demonstrate the benefits of the approach for enabling the workflow of protein NMR chemists, we prepared l-[α-2H,15N, β-13C]-alanine and integrated it into a large (>400 kDa) heat-shock protein oligomer, which was subsequently analysable by methyl-TROSY techniques, revealing new structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Jake H Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Miguel A Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Kouji Urata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Peter M T Todd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Gogulan Karunanithy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford UK
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry Straße des 17. Juni 135 10437 Berlin Germany
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Andrew J Baldwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford UK
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3
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Murray J, Hodgson DRW, O’Donoghue AC. Going Full Circle with Organocatalysis and Biocatalysis: The Latent Potential of Cofactor Mimics in Asymmetric Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:7619-7629. [PMID: 37126859 PMCID: PMC10278144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes work in tandem with small molecule cofactors, which have inspired organocatalyst designs. Chemical modification of cofactor scaffolds has increased organocatalytic reactivity and reaction scope. This synopsis presents a selection of recent advances in the use of cofactors (native and mimics) in organocatalysis and biocatalysis. We aim to highlight the benefits of combining fundamental knowledge gained in both bio- and organo-catalysis for asymmetric biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - David R. W. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, United
Kingdom
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4
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Wang L, Lou Y, Xu W, Chen Z, Xu J, Wu Q. Biocatalytic Site-Selective Hydrogen Isotope Exchange of Unsaturated Fragments with D2O. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Wang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Lou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Cosgrove S, Mattey A. Reaching new biocatalytic reactivity using continuous flow reactors. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103607. [PMID: 34882844 PMCID: PMC9303305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow reactors in biocatalysis has increased significantly in recent years. Chemists have begun to design flow systems that even allow new biocatalytic reactions to take place. This concept article will focus on the design of flow systems that have allowed enzymes to go beyond their limits in batch. The case is made for moving towards fully continuous systems. With flow chemistry increasingly seen as an enabling technology for automated synthesis, and with advancements in AI‐assisted enzyme design, there is a real possibility to fully automate the development and implementation of a continuous biocatalytic processes. This will lead to significantly improved enzyme processes for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cosgrove
- Keele University, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UNITED KINGDOM
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6
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Poznansky B, Cleary SE, Thompson LA, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Boosting the Productivity of H2-Driven Biocatalysis in a Commercial Hydrogenation Flow Reactor Using H2 From Water Electrolysis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.718257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of redox biocatalysis into a commercial hydrogenation flow reactor, with in-built electrolytic H2 generation, was achieved using immobilized enzyme systems. Carbon-supported biocatalysts were first tested in batch mode, and were then transferred into continuous flow columns for H2-driven, NADH-dependent asymmetric ketone reductions. The biocatalysts were thus handled comparably to heterogeneous metal catalysts, but operated at room temperature and 1–50 bar H2, highlighting that biocatalytic strategies enable implementation of hydrogenation reactions under mild–moderate conditions. Continuous flow reactions were demonstrated as a strategy for process intensification; high conversions were achieved in short residence times, with a high biocatalyst turnover frequency and productivity. These results show the prospect of using enzymes in reactor infrastructure designed for conventional heterogeneous hydrogenations.
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7
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Xu J, Fan J, Lou Y, Xu W, Wang Z, Li D, Zhou H, Lin X, Wu Q. Light-driven decarboxylative deuteration enabled by a divergently engineered photodecarboxylase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3983. [PMID: 34172745 PMCID: PMC8233396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-established chemical processes for C-D bond formation, the toolbox of enzymatic methodologies for deuterium incorporation has remained underdeveloped. Here we describe a photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (CvFAP)-catalyzed approach for the decarboxylative deuteration of various carboxylic acids by employing D2O as a cheap and readily available deuterium source. Divergent protein engineering of WT-CvFAP is implemented using Focused Rational Iterative Site-specific Mutagenesis (FRISM) as a strategy for expanding the substrate scope. Using specific mutants, several series of substrates including different chain length acids, racemic substrates as well as bulky cyclic acids are successfully converted into the deuterated products (>40 examples). In many cases WT-CvFAP fails completely. This approach also enables the enantiocomplementary kinetic resolution of racemic acids to afford chiral deuterated products, which can hardly be accomplished by existing methods. MD simulations explain the results of improved catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of WT CvFAP and mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajie Fan
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Lou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Danyang Li
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Zhou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xianfu Lin
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
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8
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Zhao X, Cleary SE, Zor C, Grobert N, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Chemo-bio catalysis using carbon supports: application in H 2-driven cofactor recycling. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8105-8114. [PMID: 34194700 PMCID: PMC8208311 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous biocatalytic hydrogenation is an attractive strategy for clean, enantioselective C
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X reduction. This approach relies on enzymes powered by H2-driven NADH recycling. Commercially available carbon-supported metal (metal/C) catalysts are investigated here for direct H2-driven NAD+ reduction. Selected metal/C catalysts are then used for H2 oxidation with electrons transferred via the conductive carbon support material to an adsorbed enzyme for NAD+ reduction. These chemo-bio catalysts show improved activity and selectivity for generating bioactive NADH under ambient reaction conditions compared to metal/C catalysts. The metal/C catalysts and carbon support materials (all activated carbon or carbon black) are characterised to probe which properties potentially influence catalyst activity. The optimised chemo-bio catalysts are then used to supply NADH to an alcohol dehydrogenase for enantioselective (>99% ee) ketone reductions, leading to high cofactor turnover numbers and Pd and NAD+ reductase activities of 441 h−1 and 2347 h−1, respectively. This method demonstrates a new way of combining chemo- and biocatalysis on carbon supports, highlighted here for selective hydrogenation reactions. Heterogeneous chemo-bio catalytic hydrogenation is an attractive strategy for clean, enantioselective CX reduction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Sarah E Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ceren Zor
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Rowbotham JS, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Hybrid Chemo-, Bio-, and Electrocatalysis for Atom-Efficient Deuteration of Cofactors in Heavy Water. ACS Catal 2021; 11:2596-2604. [PMID: 33842020 PMCID: PMC8025731 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium-labeled nicotinamide cofactors such as [4-2H]-NADH can be used as mechanistic probes in biological redox processes and offer a route to the synthesis of selectively [2H] labeled chemicals via biocatalytic reductive deuteration. Atom-efficient routes to the formation and recycling of [4-2H]-NADH are therefore highly desirable but require careful design in order to alleviate the requirement for [2H]-labeled reducing agents. In this work, we explore a suite of electrode or hydrogen gas driven catalyst systems for the generation of [4-2H]-NADH and consider their use for driving reductive deuteration reactions. Catalysts are evaluated for their chemoselectivity, stereoselectivity, and isotopic selectivity, and it is shown that inclusion of an electronically coupled NAD+-reducing enzyme delivers considerable advantages over purely metal based systems, yielding exclusively [4S-2H]-NADH. We further demonstrate the applicability of these types of [4S-2H]-NADH recycling systems for driving reductive deuteration reactions, regardless of the facioselectivity of the coupled enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S. Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry,
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A. Reeve
- Department of Chemistry,
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Department of Chemistry,
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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10
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Rowbotham JS, Hardy AP, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Synthesis of [4S- 2 H]NADH, [4R- 2 H]NADH, [4- 2 H 2 ]NADH and [4- 2 H]NAD + cofactors through heterogeneous biocatalysis in heavy water. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:181-186. [PMID: 33497029 PMCID: PMC8048645 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This practitioner protocol describes the synthesis of a family of deuterated nicotinamide cofactors: [4S‐2H]NADH, [4R‐2H]NADH, [4‐2H2]NADH and [4‐2H]NAD+. The application of a recently developed H2‐driven heterogeneous biocatalyst enables the cofactors to be prepared with high (>90%) 2H‐incorporation with 2H2O as the only isotope source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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