1
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Schuurmans JHA, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Buskens P, Noël T. Solar-Driven Continuous CO 2 Reduction to CO and CH 4 using Heterogeneous Photothermal Catalysts: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301405. [PMID: 38033222 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need to reduce the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere and keep the effects of climate change manageable has brought the concept of carbon capture and utilization to the forefront of scientific research. Amongst the promising pathways for this conversion, sunlight-powered photothermal processes, synergistically using both thermal and non-thermal effects of light, have gained significant attention. Research in this field focuses both on the development of catalysts and continuous-flow photoreactors, which offer significant advantages over batch reactors, particularly for scale-up. Here, we focus on sunlight-driven photothermal conversion of CO2 to chemical feedstock CO and CH4 as synthetic fuel. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in the development of photothermal catalysts and continuous-flow photoreactors and outlines the remaining challenges in these areas. Furthermore, it provides insight in additional components required to complete photothermal reaction systems for continuous production (e. g., solar concentrators, sensors and artificial light sources). In addition, our review emphasizes the necessity of integrated collaboration between different research areas, like chemistry, material science, chemical engineering, and optics, to establish optimized systems and reach the full potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H A Schuurmans
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Buskens
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), High Tech Campus 25, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wenderich K, Zhu K, Bu Y, Tichelaar FD, Mul G, Huijser A. Photophysical Characterization of Ru Nanoclusters on Nanostructured TiO 2 by Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:14353-14362. [PMID: 37529662 PMCID: PMC10388344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the promising performance of Ru nanoparticles or nanoclusters on nanostructured TiO2 in photocatalytic and photothermal reactions, a mechanistic understanding of the photophysics is limited. The aim of this study is to uncover the nature of light-induced processes in Ru/TiO2 and the role of UV versus visible excitation by time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PL at a 267 nm excitation is predominantly due to TiO2, with a minor contribution of the Ru nanoclusters. Relative to TiO2, the PL of Ru/TiO2 following a 267 nm excitation is significantly blue-shifted, and the bathochromic shift with time is smaller. We show by global analysis of the spectrotemporal PL behavior that for both TiO2 and Ru/TiO2 the bathochromic shift with time is likely caused by the diffusion of electrons from the TiO2 bulk toward the surface. During this directional motion, electrons may recombine (non)radiatively with relatively immobile hole polarons, causing the PL spectrum to red-shift with time following excitation. The blue-shifted PL spectra and smaller bathochromic shift with time for Ru/TiO2 relative to TiO2 indicate surface PL quenching, likely due to charge transfer from the TiO2 surface into the Ru nanoclusters. When deposited on SiO2 and excited at 532 nm, Ru shows a strong emission. The PL of Ru when deposited on TiO2 is completely quenched, demonstrating interfacial charge separation following photoexcitation of the Ru nanoclusters with a close to unity quantum yield. The nature of the charge-transfer phenomena is discussed, and the obtained insights indicate that Ru nanoclusters should be deposited on semiconducting supports to enable highly effective photo(thermal)catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Wenderich
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kaijian Zhu
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yibin Bu
- Nanolab,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frans D. Tichelaar
- Kavli
Institute of Technology, Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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3
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Fresno F, Iglesias-Juez A, Coronado JM. Photothermal Catalytic CO 2 Conversion: Beyond Catalysis and Photocatalysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:21. [PMID: 37253819 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the combination of both thermal and photochemical contributions has provided interesting opportunities for solar upgrading of catalytic processes. Photothermal catalysis works at the interface between purely photochemical processes, which involve the direct conversion of photon energy into chemical energy, and classical thermal catalysis, in which the catalyst is activated by temperature. Thus, photothermal catalysis acts in two different ways on the energy path of the reaction. This combined catalysis, of which the fundamental principles will be reviewed here, is particularly promising for the activation of small reactive molecules at moderate temperatures compared to thermal catalysis and with higher reaction rates than those attained in photocatalysis, and it has gained a great deal of attention in the last years. Among the different applications of photothermal catalysis, CO2 conversion is probably the most studied, although reaction mechanisms and photonic-thermal synergy pathways are still quite unclear and, from the reaction route point of view, it can be said that photothermal-catalytic CO2 reduction processes are still in their infancy. This article intends to provide an overview of the principles underpinning photothermal catalysis and its application to the conversion of CO2 into useful molecules, with application essentially as fuels but also as chemical building blocks. The most relevant specific cases published to date will be also reviewed from the viewpoint of selectivity towards the most frequent target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fresno
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Iglesias-Juez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan M Coronado
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Volders J, Elen K, Raes A, Ninakanti R, Kelchtermans AS, Sastre F, Hardy A, Cool P, Verbruggen SW, Buskens P, Van Bael MK. Sunlight-Powered Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction Catalysed by Plasmonic Au/TiO 2 Nanocatalysts: Effects of Au Particle Size on the Activity and Selectivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4153. [PMID: 36500776 PMCID: PMC9738324 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the low temperature and low pressure conversion (up to 160 °C, p = 3.5 bar) of CO2 and H2 to CO using plasmonic Au/TiO2 nanocatalysts and mildly concentrated artificial sunlight as the sole energy source (up to 13.9 kW·m-2 = 13.9 suns). To distinguish between photothermal and non-thermal contributors, we investigated the impact of the Au nanoparticle size and light intensity on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. A comparative study between P25 TiO2-supported Au nanocatalysts of a size of 6 nm and 16 nm displayed a 15 times higher activity for the smaller particles, which can only partially be attributed to the higher Au surface area. Other factors that may play a role are e.g., the electronic contact between Au and TiO2 and the ratio between plasmonic absorption and scattering. Both catalysts displayed ≥84% selectivity for CO (side product is CH4). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the catalytic activity of Au/TiO2 increases exponentially with increasing light intensity, which indicated the presence of a photothermal contributor. In dark, however, both Au/TiO2 catalysts solely produced CH4 at the same catalyst bed temperature (160 °C). We propose that the difference in selectivity is caused by the promotion of CO desorption through charge transfer of plasmon generated charges (as a non-thermal contributor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Volders
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Imec Vzw, Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - Ken Elen
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Imec Vzw, Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - Arno Raes
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rajeshreddy Ninakanti
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Kelchtermans
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Imec Vzw, Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - Francesc Sastre
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), High Tech Campus 25, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - An Hardy
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Imec Vzw, Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - Pegie Cool
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sammy W. Verbruggen
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology (DuEL), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Buskens
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), High Tech Campus 25, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies K. Van Bael
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Imec Vzw, Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
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5
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Ai L, Chen M, Luo Y, Tian Y, Wang X, Wei W, Jiang J. One-pot corrosive synthesis of Ru-Fe3O4 heterostructure: A localized photothermal electrocatalyst towards accelerated water splitting. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Khan IS, Garzon Tovar L, Mateo D, Gascon J. Metal‐Organic‐Frameworks and their derived materials in Photo‐Thermal Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il Son Khan
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KCC SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Luis Garzon Tovar
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KCC SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Diego Mateo
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KCC SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Jorge Gascon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Kaust Catalysis Center Bldg.3, Level 4, Room 4235 23955-6900 Thuwal SAUDI ARABIA
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7
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Direct Conversion of CO2 into Hydrocarbon Solar Fuels by a Synergistic Photothermal Catalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photothermal coupling catalysis technology has been widely studied in recent years and may be a promising method for CO2 reduction. Photothermal coupling catalysis can improve chemical reaction rates and realize the controllability of reaction pathways and products, even in a relatively moderate reaction condition. It has inestimable value in the current energy and global environmental crisis. This review describes the application of photothermal catalysis in CO2 reduction from different aspects. Firstly, the definition and advantages of photothermal catalysis are briefly described. Then, different photothermal catalytic reductions of CO2 products and catalysts are introduced. Finally, several strategies to improve the activity of photothermal catalytic reduction of CO2 are described and we present our views on the future development and challenges of photothermal coupling. Ultimately, the purpose of this review is to bring more researchers’ attention to this promising technology and promote this technology in solar fuels and chemicals production, to realize the value of the technology and provide a better path for its development.
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8
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Comparing the Performance of Supported Ru Nanocatalysts Prepared by Chemical Reduction of RuCl3 and Thermal Decomposition of Ru3(CO)12 in the Sunlight-Powered Sabatier Reaction. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of Ru nanoparticles supported on γ-Al2O3 followed by chemical reduction using RuCl3 as a precursor is demonstrated, and their properties are compared to Ru nanoparticles supported on γ-Al2O3 prepared by impregnation of γ-Al2O3 with Ru3(CO)12 and subsequent thermal decomposition. The Ru nanoparticles resulting from chemical reduction of RuCl3 are slightly larger (1.2 vs. 0.8 nm). In addition, Ru nanoparticles were deposited on Stöber SiO2 using both deposition techniques. These particles were larger than the ones deposited on γ-Al2O3 (2.5 and 3.4 nm for chemical reduction and thermal decomposition, respectively). Taking into account the size differences between the Ru nanoparticles, all catalysts display similar activity (0.14–0.63 mol·gRu−1·h−1) and selectivity (≥99%) in the sunlight-powered Sabatier reaction. Ergo, the use of toxic and volatile Ru3(CO)12 can be avoided, since catalysts prepared by chemical reduction of RuCl3 display similar catalytic performance.
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9
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Xu M, den Hartog T, Cheng L, Wolfs M, Habets R, Rohlfs J, van den Ham J, Meulendijks N, Sastre F, Buskens P. Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors to Quantify Temperature Non‐Uniformities in Plasmonic Catalyst Beds under Illumination. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- TNO Optics Stieltjesweg 1 2628 CK Delft NETHERLANDS
| | - Tim den Hartog
- Zuyd University of Applied Sciences: Zuyd Hogeschool Material Sciences NETHERLANDS
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10
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Continuous-Flow Sunlight-Powered CO2 Methanation Catalyzed by γ-Al2O3-Supported Plasmonic Ru Nanorods. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic CO2 methanation using γ-Al2O3-supported Ru nanorods was carried out under continuous-flow conditions without conventional heating, using mildly concentrated sunlight as the sole and sustainable energy source (AM 1.5, irradiance 5.5–14.4 kW·m−2 = 5.5–14.4 suns). Under 12.5 suns, a CO2 conversion exceeding 97% was achieved with complete selectivity towards CH4 and a stable production rate (261.9 mmol·gRu−1·h−1) for at least 12 h. The CH4 production rate showed an exponential increase with increasing light intensity, suggesting that the process was mainly promoted by photothermal heating. This was confirmed by the apparent activation energy of 64.3 kJ·mol−1, which is very similar to the activation energy obtained for reference experiments in dark (67.3 kJ·mol−1). The flow rate influence was studied under 14.4 suns, achieving a CH4 production plateau of 264 µmol min−1 (792 mmol·gRu−1·h−1) with a constant catalyst bed temperature of approximately 204 °C.
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11
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Hong J, Xu C, Deng B, Gao Y, Zhu X, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Photothermal Chemistry Based on Solar Energy: From Synergistic Effects to Practical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103926. [PMID: 34825527 PMCID: PMC8787404 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the development of society, energy shortage and environmental problems have become more and more outstanding. Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy resource, potentially driving energy conversion and environmental remediation reactions. Thus, solar-driven chemistry is an attractive way to solve the two problems. Photothermal chemistry (PTC) is developed to achieve full-spectral utilization of the solar radiation and drive chemical reactions more efficiently under relatively mild conditions. In this review, the mechanisms of PTC are summarized from the aspects of thermal and non-thermal effects, and then the interaction and synergy between these two effects are sorted out. In this paper, distinguishing and quantifying these two effects is discussed to understand PTC processes better and to design PTC catalysts more methodically. However, PTC is still a little far away from practical. Herein, several key points, which must be considered when pushing ahead with the engineering application of PTC, are proposed, along with some workable suggestions on the practical application. This review provides a unique perspective on PTC, focusing on the synergistic effects and pointing out a possible direction for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy UtilizationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 1H9Canada
| | - Bowen Deng
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringHokkaido UniversitySapporo060‐0814Japan
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy UtilizationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy UtilizationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy UtilizationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy UtilizationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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12
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Xiong Y, Chen H, Hu Y, Yang S, Xue X, He L, Liu X, Ma J, Jin Z. Photodriven Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to CH 4 with Nearly 100% Selectivity over Ag 25 Clusters. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8693-8700. [PMID: 34608804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of chemically inert carbon dioxide and its photoreduction to value-added products have attracted enormous attention as an intriguing prospect for utilizing the principal greenhouse gas CO2. Herein, we explore the use of Ag25 clusters with well-defined atomic structures for high-selectivity photocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methane. Ag25 clusters, with molecular-like properties and surface plasmon resonance, exhibit competitive catalytic activity for light-driven CO2 reduction that yield an almost 100% product selectivity of methane at a relatively mild temperature (100 °C). DFT calculations reveal that the absorption of CO2 on Ag25 clusters is energetically favorable. The methanation of the Ag25 cluster catalyst has been investigated by operando infrared spectroscopy, verifying that methane was produced through a -H-assisted multielectron reaction pathway via the transformation of formyl and formaldehyde species to form surface CHx. This work presents a highly efficient strategy for high-performance CO2 methanation via well-defined metal cluster catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyuan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518063, People's Republic of China
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13
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Martínez Molina P, Meulendijks N, Xu M, Verheijen MA, Hartog T, Buskens P, Sastre F. Low Temperature Sunlight‐Powered Reduction of CO
2
to CO Using a Plasmonic Au/TiO
2
Nanocatalyst. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Martínez Molina
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Meulendijks
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Man Xu
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Optics Research Group Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 (Building 22) 2628CJ Delft (The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Eurofins Materials Science High Tech Campus 11 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hartog
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Zuyd University of Applied Sciences Nieuw Eyckholt 300 6400AN Heerlen (The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Buskens
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Institute for Materials Research Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe) Hasselt University Agoralaan Building D B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Francesc Sastre
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
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