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Isbrandt ES, Chapple DE, Tu NTP, Dimakos V, Beardall AMM, Boyle PD, Rowley CN, Blacquiere JM, Newman SG. Controlling Reactivity and Selectivity in the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction: High Throughput Evaluation of 1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5650-5660. [PMID: 38359357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
We report a high throughput evaluation of the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of diverse olefin coupling partners. Comparison of different ligands revealed the 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane (P2N2) scaffold to be more broadly applicable than common "gold standard" ligands, demonstrating that this family of readily accessible diphosphines has unrecognized potential in organic synthesis. In particular, two structurally related P2N2 ligands were identified to enable the regiodivergent arylation of styrenes. By simply altering the phosphorus substituent from a phenyl to tert-butyl group, both the linear and branched Mizoroki-Heck products can be obtained in high regioisomeric ratios. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies were performed to further probe the origin of selectivity, which suggests that both ligands coordinate to the metal in a similar manner but that rigid positioning of the phosphorus substituent forces contact with the incoming olefin in a π-π interaction (for P-Ph ligands) or with steric clash (for P-tBu ligands), dictating the regiocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Devon E Chapple
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Nguyen Thien Phuc Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Victoria Dimakos
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anne Marie M Beardall
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Paul D Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Johanna M Blacquiere
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Kindervater MB, Staroverov VN, Jackman KMK, Fogh AA, Kelley LSG, Lim L, Sirohey SA, Boyle PD, Blacquiere JM. Operationally unsaturated ruthenium complex stabilized by a phosphine 1-azaallyl ligand. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37470371 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Coordinatively unsaturated transition-metal compounds stabilized by supplemental electron donation from π-basic ligands are described as "operationally unsaturated". Such complexes are useful analogues of active catalyst structures that readily react with substrate molecules. We report that [Ph2P(C6H4)NCHC(CH3)2]- (L1) effectively stabilizes Ru(II) in an operationally unsaturated form. In the absence of Lewis bases, the 1-azaallyl group of L1 dominantly coordinates through a κ1-N mode, but can readily and reversibly isomerize to an η3-NCC coordination mode to stabilize the metal. As an operationally unsaturated complex, Ru(Cp*)(L1) dimerizes at low temperature. At ambient temperature it rapidly reacts with pyridine or PPh3 to form an adduct. These findings with L1 demonstrate that changes in the hapticity of a 1-azaallyl fragment offer an alternative means to stabilize low-coordinate metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Kindervater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Viktor N Staroverov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Kyle M K Jackman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Amanda A Fogh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Leslie S G Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Lisabeth Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Sofia A Sirohey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Paul D Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
| | - Johanna M Blacquiere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
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Docherty JH, Lister TM, Mcarthur G, Findlay MT, Domingo-Legarda P, Kenyon J, Choudhary S, Larrosa I. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation for the Formation of C-C Bonds in Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37163671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Site-predictable and chemoselective C-H bond functionalization reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies for the step-economic diversification of both feedstock and fine chemicals. Many transition-metal-catalyzed methods have emerged for the selective activation and functionalization of C-H bonds. However, challenges of regio- and chemoselectivity have emerged with application to highly complex molecules bearing significant functional group density and diversity. As molecular complexity increases within molecular structures the risks of catalyst intolerance and limited applicability grow with the number of functional groups and potentially Lewis basic heteroatoms. Given the abundance of C-H bonds within highly complex and already diversified molecules such as pharmaceuticals, natural products, and materials, design and selection of reaction conditions and tolerant catalysts has proved critical for successful direct functionalization. As such, innovations within transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization for the direct formation of carbon-carbon bonds have been discovered and developed to overcome these challenges and limitations. This review highlights progress made for the direct metal-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions including alkylation, methylation, arylation, and olefination of C-H bonds within complex targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Docherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Lister
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mcarthur
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Findlay
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Kenyon
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Chapple DE, Hoffer MA, Boyle PD, Blacquiere JM. Alkyne Hydrofunctionalization Mechanism Including an Off-Cycle Alkoxycarbene Deactivation Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devon E. Chapple
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Megan A. Hoffer
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Johanna M. Blacquiere
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
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Wiedner ES, Appel AM, Raugei S, Shaw WJ, Bullock RM. Molecular Catalysts with Diphosphine Ligands Containing Pendant Amines. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12427-12474. [PMID: 35640056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pendant amines play an invaluable role in chemical reactivity, especially for molecular catalysts based on earth-abundant metals. As inspired by [FeFe]-hydrogenases, which contain a pendant amine positioned for cooperative bifunctionality, synthetic catalysts have been developed to emulate this multifunctionality through incorporation of a pendant amine in the second coordination sphere. Cyclic diphosphine ligands containing two amines serve as the basis for a class of catalysts that have been extensively studied and used to demonstrate the impact of a pendant base. These 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, now often referred to as "P2N2" ligands, have profound effects on the reactivity of many catalysts. The resulting [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+ complexes are electrocatalysts for both the oxidation and production of H2. Achieving the optimal benefit of the pendant amine requires that it has suitable basicity and is properly positioned relative to the metal center. In addition to the catalytic efficacy demonstrated with [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+ complexes for the oxidation and production of H2, catalysts with diphosphine ligands containing pendant amines have also been demonstrated for several metals for many different reactions, both in solution and immobilized on surfaces. The impact of pendant amines in catalyst design continues to expand.
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Isbrandt ES, Nasim A, Zhao K, Newman SG. Catalytic Aldehyde and Alcohol Arylation Reactions Facilitated by a 1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14646-14656. [PMID: 34478276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a catalytic method to access secondary alcohols by the coupling of aryl iodides. Either aldehydes or alcohols can be used as reaction partners, making the transformation reductive or redox-neutral, respectively. The reaction is mediated by a Ni catalyst and a 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane. This P2N2 ligand, which has previously been unrecognized in cross-coupling and related reactions, was found to avoid deleterious aryl halide reduction pathways that dominate with more traditional phosphines and NHCs. An interrupted carbonyl-Heck type mechanism is proposed to be operative, with a key 1,2-insertion step forging the new C-C bond and forming a nickel alkoxide that may be turned over by an alcohol reductant. The same catalyst was also found to enable synthesis of ketone products from either aldehydes or alcohols, demonstrating control over the oxidation state of both the starting materials and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amrah Nasim
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karen Zhao
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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