Effect of High Pressure Processing on the Extraction of Lycopene in Tomato Paste Waste

Extra-virgin olive oil enriched with lycopene: From industrial tomato by-products to consumer

Lycopene is usually extracted from the by-product of the tomato industry using organic solvents (OS) in combination with a physical technique. An emerging physical technique is high-pressure processing (HPP). This study aims to find a method by applying a green solvent (edible vegetable oils) in an HPP-assisted solid-liquid extraction. Three dosages of tomato by-product (10%, 20%, and 40%, w/v) were tested using OS, sunflower oil (RSO), and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). Lycopene recovery increased with the ratio of by-product to oil, particularly when using EVOO. In another stage of the study, consumers evaluated EVOO that contained two doses of tomato by-product (10% and 20%, w/v). Consumers preferred the EVOO from 10% tomato by-product ratio over that with 20%. Additionally, 83.8% of consumers stated that enriched oil could be deemed beneficial for health. The proposed method considers the fundamental principles of the circular economy and practical industrial scenario to recover lycopene from tomato by-product.

The impact of aromatic plant-derived bioactive compounds on seafood quality and safety

Plant-derived bioactive compounds have been extensively studied and used within food industry for the last few decades. Those compounds have been used to extend the shelf-life and improve physico-chemical and sensory properties on food products. They have also been used as nutraceuticals due to broad range of potential health-promoting properties. Unlike the synthetic additives, the natural plant-derived compounds are more acceptable and often regarded as safer by the consumers. This chapter summarizes the extraction methods and sources of those plant-derived bioactives as well as recent findings in relation to their health-promoting properties, including cardio-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, immuno-modulatory and neuro-protective properties. In addition, the impact of applying those plant-derived compounds on seafood products is also investigated by reviewing the recent studies on their use as anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, coloring and flavoring agents as well as freshness indicators. Moreover, the current limitations of the use of plant-derived bioactive compounds as well as future prospects are discussed. The discoveries show high potential of those compounds and the possibility to apply on many different seafood. The compounds can be applied as individual while more and more studies are showing synergetic effect when those compounds are used in combination providing new important research possibilities.

A Comprehensive Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Lycopene Recovery from Tomato Waste and Encapsulation by Spray Drying

This study aimed to extract bioactive compounds from tomato waste through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using ethanol as solvent. Process optimization was carried out by a central composite design of 33 runs for response surface modelling, simultaneously analyzing the effect of temperature (T), time (t), volume (V), liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), amplitude (A), the pulser duration (on), and their interaction. The best conditions found by the desirability method (T = 65 °C, t = 20 min, L/S = 72 mL/g, A = 65%, on = 33 s, V = 90 mL) were experimentally verified, leading to the production of an extract with interesting properties (total carotenoids of 1408 ±14 µglycopene equivalents/g, lycopene yield of 1536 ± 53 µg/g, 36.1 ± 0.9 µgtrolox equivalents/g as antiradical power). Due to the instability of lycopene, the extract encapsulation by spray drying was undertaken using inulin and maltodextrins as coating agents. The evaluation of wall material composition provided high product recovery (73%), a high content of encapsulated compared to superficial lycopene (15.3 ± 2.9 and 0.30 ± 0.02 µg/g), and a product with good water solubility. The novelty of this work concerned the simultaneous study of the effect and interdependences of the UAE parameters, and the use of inulin to enhance the properties of microparticles.

Valorization of Tomato Residues by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Tomato processing leads to the production of considerable amounts of residues, mainly in the form of tomato skins, seeds and vascular tissues, which still contain bioactive molecules of interest for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. These include carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, tocopherols and sitosterols, among others. Supercritical fluid extraction is well positioned for the valorization of tomato residues prior to disposal, because it remains an environmentally safe extraction process, especially when using carbon dioxide as the solvent. In this article, we provide an extensive literature overview of the research on the supercritical fluid extraction of tomato residues. We start by identifying the most relevant extractables present in tomatoes (e.g., lycopene) and their main bioactivities. Then, the main aspects affecting the extraction performance are covered, starting with the differences between tomato matrixes (e.g., seeds, skins and pulp) and possible pretreatments to enhance extraction (e.g., milling, drying and enzymatic digestion). Finally, the effects of extraction conditions, such as pressure, temperature, cosolvent, flow rate and time, are discussed.

Recent advances in extraction technologies for recovery of bioactive compounds derived from fruit and vegetable waste peels: A review

Fruits and vegetables are the most important commodities of trade value among horticultural produce. They are utilized as raw or processed, owing to the presence of health-promoting components. Significant quantities of waste are produced during fruits and vegetables processing that are majorly accounted by waste peels (∼90-92%). These wastes, however, are usually exceptionally abundant in bioactive molecules. Retrieving these valuable compounds is a core objective for the valorization of waste peel, besides making them a prevailing source of beneficial additives in food and pharmaceutical industry. The current review is focused on extraction of bioactive compounds derived from fruit and vegetable waste peels and highlights the supreme attractive conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted, ultrasound assisted, pulsed electric fields, pulsed ohmic heating, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized hot water, high hydrostatic pressure, dielectric barrier discharge plasma extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction and the application of "green" solvents say as well as their synergistic effects that have been applied to recover bioactive from waste peels. Superior yields achieved with non-conventional technologies were identified to be of chief interest, considering direct positive economic consequences. This review also emphasizes leveraging efficient, modern extraction technologies for valorizing abundantly available low-cost waste peel, to achieve economical substitutes, whilst safeguarding the environment and building a circular economy. It is supposed that the findings discussed though this review might be a valuable tool for fruit and vegetable processing industry to imply an economical and effectual sustainable extraction methods, converting waste peel by-product to a high added value functional product.

Could fruits be a reliable source of food colorants? Pros and cons of these natural additives

Color additives are important for the food industry to improve sensory quality lost during food process and to expand the variety of products. In general, artificial colorants have lower cost and better stability than the natural ones. Nevertheless, studies have reported their association with some health disorders. Furthermore, consumers have given greater attention to food products with health beneficial effects, which has provided a new perspective for the use of natural colorants. In this context, fruits are an excellent alternative source of natural compounds, that allow the obtainment of a wide range of colorant molecules, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophylls. Furthermore, in addition to their coloring ability, they comprise different bioactive properties. However, the extraction and application of natural colorants from fruits is still a challenge, since these compounds show some stability problems, in addition to issues related to the sustainability of raw-materials providing. To overcome these limitations, several studies have reported optimized extraction and stabilization procedures. In this review, the major pigments found in fruits and their extraction and stabilization techniques for uses as food additives will be looked over.

Extraction of bioactive compounds from purple corn using emerging technologies: A review

The increase in the use of bioactive compounds from purple corn in the food and pharmaceutical industries has led to the investigation of nonconventional extraction technologies that allow one to obtain more of these compounds. In this context, nonconventional techniques, known as emerging technologies, use more efficient processes that are safe for the environment, in addition to obtaining products with better functional characteristics as compared to those obtained by conventional technologies. This review aims to provide information on different nonconventional techniques used in the extraction of bioactive compounds from purple corn.

High pressure extraction of bioactive diterpenes from the macroalgae Bifurcaria bifurcata: an efficient and environmentally friendly approach

The brown macroalgae Bifurcaria bifurcata have gained special attention due to their ability to biosynthesize linear diterpenes (rarely found in other species). However, the conventional extraction methods normally used to extract these compounds involve organic solvents and often high temperatures, leading to the degradation of thermo-labile compounds. In this context, the main objective of this work was to study and optimize for the first time the extraction of diterpenes from B. bifurcata through an environmentally friendly methodology, namely, high pressure extraction (HPE) using ethanol : water. This was compared with conventional Soxhlet extraction, using dichloromethane. Box–Behnken design was employed to evaluate the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of 3 independent variables (pressure (X₁), ethanol percentage (X₂), and time of extraction (X₃)) on response variables (extraction yield and diterpenes content (mg g⁻¹ of extract and mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight)) and the optimal extraction conditions (X₁: 600 MPa; X₂: 80%; X₃: 5 min) were estimated by response surface methodology (RSM). B. bifurcata extract obtained under HPE optimal conditions showed a diterpenes content (612.2 mg g⁻¹ of extract) 12.2 fold higher than that obtained by conventional extraction (50.1 mg g⁻¹ of extract). The HPE extract, obtained under optimal conditions, showed antioxidant and antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus) activities considerably higher than the Soxhlet extract, and also presented a promising synergic effect with antibiotics, improving the antibiotic efficacy against S. aureus. In conclusion, these results indicate that HPE is a promising methodology, compared to conventional methodologies to obtain linear diterpene rich extracts from B. bifurcata with great potential to be exploited in pharmaceutical or biomedical applications.

Bioactive linear diterpenes were selectively extracted from the macroalga Bifurcaria bifurcata through optimized high-pressure extraction.

Extraction of bioactive ingredients from fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea assisted by high hydrostatic pressure

The aim of this study was to use high hydrostatic pressure treatment to enhance the extraction efficiency of the active components from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea, and compare with those obtained by shake and ultrasonic extraction methods. The conditions of high pressure extraction (HPE) at 600 MPa, a liquid/solid ratio of 40:1, and 3 min of treatment yielded triterpenoids and adenosine concentrations of 410.41 mg/100 mL and 0.47 mg/100 mL, respectively, which did not differ significantly from those with the two other treatments-shake extraction at 180 rpm for 8 h and ultrasonic extraction at 50 Hz for 60 min. The HPE extracts significantly attenuated reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells than shake extracts did. SEM micrographs revealed that high-pressure caused physical morphological damage to the mycelium of fruiting bodies, such as distortion and disruption of mycelial cells, and increased the mass-transfer effectiveness of the solvent and solute. HPE can be employed as an efficient extraction technique for production of bioactive ingredients that might have a potential application in food and related industries.

Effects of high pressure extraction on the extraction yield, phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity of Djulis hull

The hulls of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) are a type of agricultural waste. Using 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent, this study compared the extraction yields of high-pressure-assisted extraction (HPE) and conventional oscillation extraction (CE) for Djulis hulls (DH). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase activities were also compared. Our findings indicated that 600 MPa/5 min of HPE resulted in higher total phenolic (567-642 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (47.2-57.2 mg QU/g) concentrations; gallic acid (44.5-53.2 μg/g) and rutin (26.8-34.2 μg/g) were the main phenolic and flavonoid compounds. When the extraction pressure was greater than 450 MPa, HPE extracts showed stronger antioxidant capacity and anti-tyrosinase activity than CE extracts. In a LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model of inflammation, HPE extracts had significant inhibitory effects on the cumulative concentrations of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂. These results indicate that HPE had a better extraction yield, and required a shorter time for the extraction of functional ingredients from DH. Hence, DH could be a potential source for natural antioxidants for the food and biotechnology industries.

Effect of emergent non-thermal extraction technologies on bioactive individual compounds profile from different plant materials

Extraction is the first step for isolation and purification of interesting bioactive compounds, by mixing of the plant material with an adequate solvent. Those bioactive compounds are, usually, secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids which are present in closed insoluble structures, making its extraction a challenge. There are many different traditional extraction methods, such as Soxhlet, heat reflux, and maceration. Nevertheless, due to several disadvantages, they are being replaced by new methods, using emergent technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasounds, pulsed electric fields, and supercritical fluids. The use of novel technologies allows enhancing mass transfer rates, increasing cell permeability as well as increasing secondary metabolite diffusion, leading to higher extraction yields, fewer impurities on the final extract, extractions at room temperature with thermo-sensitive structures preservation, use of different non-organic solvents, low energy consumption, short operation time, and have no significant or lower effect on the structure of bioactive compounds. This paper aims to review the effect of the main emergent extraction technologies (high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields, ultrasounds, and supercritical fluid assisted) on the individual profile of bioactive compounds from plant material.

Ultrahigh pressure extraction of bioactive compounds from plants-A review

Extraction of bioactive compounds from plants is one of the most important research areas for pharmaceutical and food industries. Conventional extraction techniques are usually associated with longer extraction times, lower yields, more organic solvent consumption, and poor extraction efficiency. A novel extraction technique, ultrahigh pressure extraction, has been developed for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants, in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, increase the extraction yields, and enhance the quality of extracts. The mild processing temperature of ultrahigh pressure extraction may lead to an enhanced extraction of thermolabile bioactive ingredients. A critical review is conducted to introduce the different aspects of ultrahigh pressure extraction of plants bioactive compounds, including principles and mechanisms, the important parameters influencing its performance, comparison of ultrahigh pressure extraction with other extraction techniques, advantages, and disadvantages. The future opportunities of ultrahigh pressure extraction are also discussed.

Effect of thermal pasteurization and high pressure processing on bioactive properties in strawberry juice

In the current food industry, companies often offer new and revolutionary processing methods that allow to improve food properties. A prominent technology is High Pressure Processing (HPP), a non-thermal technology that arises as an alternative to the traditional thermal pasteurization (TP). With HPP it is possible to obtain food and drinks similar to the raw food while improving important nutritive and functional properties. Since strawberries are very important fruit in the human diet, the aim of this study was to study the effect of HPP and TP on selected qualitative-quantitative parameters of strawberry juices (HPSJ - High Pressure Strawberry Juice/TPSJ - Thermal Pasteurized Strawberry Juice). It seems that strawberries can have a positive effect on human health due to their high content in beneficial nutrients. From monitored parameters, significant differences (p <0.001) were found between juices in the following parameters: antioxidant activity, β-carotene and zeaxanthin content. Higher antioxidant activity (1547.60 ±4.89 mg AA.L-1 FM vs. 1424.72 ±10.66 mg AA.L-1 FM) and zeaxanthin (1.34 ±0.11 μg.mL-1 FM vs. 0.89 ±0.08 μg.mL-1 FM) was found in HPSJ, comparatively to TPSJ. The content of β-carotene was higher in TPSJ (156.28 ±2.13 μg.mL-1 FM) than in HPSJ (122.02 ±4.28 μg.mL-1 FM). Results related to the polyphenols content showed significantly higher values (p ˃0.01) in HPSJ, compared to TPSJ (1100.04 ±17.16 mg GAE.L-1 FM vs. 1002.66 ±17.16 mg GAE.L-1 FM). The difference in the content of lutein (TPSJ 8.84 ±0.57 μg.mL-1 FM; HPSJ 8.17 ±0.13 μg.mL-1 FM) was not significant (p ˃0.05).

High-pressure processing as emergent technology for the extraction of bioactive ingredients from plant materials

High-pressure processing is a food processing technique that has shown great potentials in the food industry. Recently, it was developed to extract bioactive ingredients from plant materials, known as ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE), taking advantages of time saving, higher extraction yields, fewer impurities in the extraction solution, minimal heat and can avoid thermal degradation on the activity and structure of bioactive components, and so on. This review provides an overview of the developments in the UPE of bioactive ingredients from plant material. Apart from a brief presentation of the theories of UPE and extraction equipment systems, the principal parameters that influence the extraction efficiency to be optimized in the UPE (e.g., solvent, pressure, temperature, extraction time, and the number of cycle) were discussed in detail, and finally the more recent applications of UPE for the extraction of active compounds from plant materials were summarized.

Revealing the power of the natural red pigment lycopene

By-products derived from food processing are attractive source for their valuable bioactive components and color pigments. These by-products are useful for development as functional foods, nutraceuticals, food ingredients, additives, and also as cosmetic products. Lycopene is a bioactive red colored pigment naturally occurring in plants. Industrial by-products obtained from the plants are the good sources of lycopene. Interest in lycopene is increasing due to increasing evidence proving its preventive properties toward numerous diseases. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies have demonstrated that lycopene-rich foods are inversely associated to diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and others. This paper also reviews the properties, absorption, transportation, and distribution of lycopene and its by-products in human body. The mechanism of action and interaction of lycopene with other bioactive compounds are also discussed, because these are the crucial features for beneficial role of lycopene. However, information on the effect of food processing on lycopene stability and availability was discussed for better understanding of its characteristics.

Characterization of high purity lycopene from tomato wastes using a new pressurized extraction approach

In this paper, a method for the extraction of high purity lycopene from tomato wastes is presented. The method is based on a pressurized extraction that uses the Extractor Naviglio, and it is performed in the 0.7-0.9 MPa range. Tomato skin, the byproduct deriving from manufacturing of tomato, in a water dispersion, are used as starting material. Lycopene is transferred, for the effect of the high pressure used, in the form of molecular aggregates into the water as a dispersion, while apolar compounds remain in the matrix. The aggregates are easily purified in a single subsequent step by using methanol, thus, obtaining lycopene at 98% chromatographic purity or higher. A new stationary phase, phenyl-hexyl silicone, and a simple water/acetonitrile gradient were used for HPLC analysis of lycopene. The extract was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An average recovery of 2.8 mg lycopene/kg tomato waste can be obtained after 4 hours of extraction and using tap water as the extracting liquid. The recovery percentage was of about 10%. The exhausted tomato byproduct can be easily dried and used in agriculture or as feeding for animals.