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Nelson MJ, Nakhla G, Zhu J. The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor as a biological nutrient removal process for municipal wastewater treatment: Process modelling and costing analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113604. [PMID: 34523539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging technologies for wastewater treatment face an uphill battle to be adopted in practice because no large-scale costing data exists to prove their cost competitiveness. Similar technologies and their costing data offer some insight to the approximate cost, but more detailed estimates are required for a final decision on process selection. The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR) is one such technology, proven at the lab and pilot and scale, but is yet to be used on a large scale. In order to demonstrate the potential economic competitiveness of the CFBBR, a method of modifying the CapdetWorks costing software by first modeling the CFBBR in the GPS-X process simulation software was employed. The modelling was used to determine the necessary changes to a moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) process (media size, density, surface area, and bed fill fraction) in CapdetWorks to simulate the CFBBR and then generate costing estimates for both capital cost (CapEx) and operation and maintenance cost (OpEx). Benchmarking the cost estimates against simulations of conventional suspended and attached growth processes and external costing data from the US EPA was performed to both validate the costing method and analyze the CFBBR's economic competitiveness. The calculation of the net present value from the CapEx and OpEx showed that the CFBBR is predicted to have 10%-30% lower costs at low flows of 1.5 and 4.6 MGD and comparative costs to conventional processes at higher flows from 10 to 30 MGD. Furthermore, the smaller land footprint of the CFBBR-based plants and lower landfilled biosolids implies that the CFBBR's environmental footprint is superior to its competitors and offers advantages for both small-sized plants and large urban plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Nelson
- University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - George Nakhla
- University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; University of Western Ontario, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Jesse Zhu
- University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
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Abstract
Micro-fluidized bed has aroused much attention due to its low-cost, intensified-process and fast-screening properties. In this paper, a micro-fluidized bed (15 × 15 mm in cross-section) was designed and fabricated with the use of the stereolithography printing technique, for the investigation of bubbles’ hydrodynamics and comparison of the solids (3D-printed particles VS fungal pellets) fluidization characteristics. In a liquid–gas system, bubble flow regime started from mono-dispersed homogeneous regime, followed by poly-dispersed homogeneous regime, transition bubble regime and heterogeneous bubble regime with increasing gas flowrates from 3.7 mL/min to 32.7 mL/min. The impacts from operating parameters such as gas flowrate, superficial liquid velocity and gas sparger size on bubble size, velocity and volume fraction have been summarized. In liquid–solid fluidization, different solid fluidization regimes for both particles bed and pellets bed were identified. From the bed expansion results, much higher Umf of 7.8 mm/s from pellets fluidization was observed compared that of 2.3 mm/s in particles fluidization, because the hyphal structures of fungal pellets increased surface friction but also tended to agglomerate. The similar R–Z exponent n (5.7 and 5.5 for pellets and particles, respectively) between pellets and particles was explained by the same solid diameter, but much higher Ut of 436 µm/s in particles bed than that of 196 µm/s in pellets bed is a consequence of the higher density of solid particles. This paper gives insights on the development of MFB and its potential in solid processing.
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Liu A, Nelson MJ, Wang X, Li H, He X, Zhao Z, Zhong H, Nakhla G, Zhu J. Decentralized wastewater treatment in an urban setting: a pilot study of the circulating fluidized bed bioreactor treating septic tank effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1911-1921. [PMID: 31631798 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1683614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To meet the increasing wastewater treatment demand while minimizing the land footprint of the treatment systems and plants, more efficient and compact processes are needed. The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR) has been proven to achieve high levels of biological nutrient removal. Past studies at the lab and pilot scale achieved 94% COD removal and 80% nitrogen removal at HRT's of 2-4 h. A collaborative project between Western University and the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion (GIEC), in Guangzhou, China, further explored the treatment of municipal wastewater with the CFBBR. A pilot CFBBR, with aerobic and anoxic columns for nitrification and denitrification, was constructed at the GIEC for in-situ treatment of septic tank effluent from a residential building. Due to high concentrations of ammonia (NH4-N), the wastewater had a COD/N ratio of 2-3. Thus, operating at a longer HRT and supplementing COD, in the form of glucose, was necessary to achieve a high nitrogen removal efficiency. The system was run both with and without supplemental COD at HRT's between 16 and 21 h, treating approximately 1000-1270 L/d. Overall, a COD removal efficiency of at least 92%, ammonia removal of 97%, and nitrogen removal of 82% was achieved. The CFBBR system achieved an effluent with BOD and NH4-N concentrations both below 5 mg/L, a NO3-N concentration below 15 mg/L, and a total nitrogen concentration below 25 mg/L. The compact design of this pilot-CFBBR, coupled with its high BNR performance make it an excellent option for decentralized treatment of urban wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaobo Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqiong Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jesse Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Huang
- Particle Technology Research Center Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Jesse Zhu
- Particle Technology Research Center Western University London Ontario Canada
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Li N, Zhang Y, Jiang F, Qi G, Wang H, Zhang Z, Hu J, Li X. Effect of distributor structure on the particle distribution in a vertical two-pass circulating fluidized bed evaporator with a baffle. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Luo J, Li W, Shao Y, Nakhla G, Zhu J. Method for Determining the Hydraulic-Retention Time and Operating Conditions of a Circulating-Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor with Composition Disturbances. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - George Nakhla
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jesse Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Particle Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Wang H, Kim M, Li K, Shao Y, Zhu J, Nakhla G. Effective partial nitrification of ammonia in a fluidized bed bioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:94-101. [PMID: 28911270 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1380710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale fluidized bed bioreactor with high-density polyethylene as biofilm carrier media was operated to study partial nitrification (PN) performance with high ammonia concentrations. The system was run at nitrogen loading rates (NLRs) from 1.2 to 4.8 kg N/(m3 d) with empty bed contact time of 2.0 and 2.7 h and four different influent ammonia concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature were maintained around 1.3 mg/L and 35°C, respectively. Stable PN was successfully achieved during the whole period with low effluent NO3-N concentration at less than 15 mg/L, due to effective suppression of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria activity at high concentrations of free ammonia (5.3-27.3 mg N/L) and low alkalinity-to-ammonia ratio. At the NLR of 3.6 kg N/(m3 d), NH4-N conversion and NO2-N accumulation ratios were 57.8% and 53.9%, respectively, which could be further used in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation process (ANAMMOX) as the effluent NO2-N/NH4-N ratio was 1.27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Wang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
- b Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada
| | - Mingu Kim
- b Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada
| | - Kai Li
- b Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jesse Zhu
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
- b Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada
| | - George Nakhla
- b Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada
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Moura RB, Santos CED, Okada DY, Martins TH, Ferraz Júnior ADN, Damianovic MHRZ, Foresti E. Carbon-nitrogen removal in a structured-bed reactor (SBRRIA) treating sewage: Operating conditions and metabolic perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 224:19-28. [PMID: 30025261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the efficiency of a structured-bed reactor subjected to recirculation and intermittent aeration (SBRRIA) to promote nitrogen and carbon removal from domestic sewage. The intermittent aeration and the recycling rate of 3 keeps the desired mixing degree inside the SBRRIA. Four different operational conditions were tested by varying the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 12 to 8 h and aerated and non-aerated periods (A/NA) from 2 h/1 h and 3 h/1 h. At the THD of 8 h and A/NA of 2 h/1 h there was a decrease in the nitrification process (77.5%) due to the increase of organic matter availability, affecting the total-N removal performance. However, by increasing the aerated period from 2 h to 3 h, the nitrification efficiency rose to 91.1%, reaching a total-N removal efficiency of 79%. The system reached a maximum total-N loading removed of 0.117 kgN.m-3.d-1 by applying an HRT of 8 h and an intermittent aeration cycle of 3 h, aerated and 1 h non-aerated. The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process was related to a complex interplay among microorganisms affiliated mostly to Acidovorax sp., Comamonas sp., Dechloromonas sp., Hydrogenophaga sp., Mycobacterium sp., Rhodobacter sp., and Steroidobacter sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B Moura
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas, Rod. José Aurélio Vilela, 11999, Cidade Universitária, 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil; Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), Av. João Dagnone 1100, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla E D Santos
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), Av. João Dagnone 1100, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Y Okada
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, 13484-332, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago H Martins
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), Av. João Dagnone 1100, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Djalma N Ferraz Júnior
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia H R Z Damianovic
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), Av. João Dagnone 1100, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Foresti
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), Av. João Dagnone 1100, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Kang Y, Kim MK, Yang SW, Kim SD. Characteristics of Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid) Circulating Fluidized Beds. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University
| | - Min Kon Kim
- Chemie und Bioingenieurwesen, Freidrich Alexander Universität
| | - Si Woo Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University
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Jiang F, Zhao P, Qi G, Li N, Bian Y, Li H, Jiang T, Li X, Yu C. Pressure drop in horizontal multi-tube liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li Z, Liu F, You H, Ding Y, Yao J, Jin C. Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal chemical industry wastewater using the catalytic ozonation process combined with a gas-liquid-solid internal circulating fluidized bed reactor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:1931-1941. [PMID: 29676750 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the performance of the combined system of catalytic ozonation and the gas-liquid-solid internal circulating fluidized bed reactor for the advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal chemical industry wastewater (CCIW). The results indicated that with ozonation alone for 60min, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) could reach 34%. The introduction of activated carbon, pumice, γ-Al2O3 carriers improved the removal performance of COD, and the removal efficiency was increased by 8.6%, 4.2%, 2%, respectively. Supported with Mn, the catalytic performance of activated carbon and γ-Al2O3 were improved significantly with COD removal efficiencies of 46.5% and 41.3%, respectively; however, the promotion effect of pumice supported with Mn was insignificant. Activated carbon supported with Mn had the best catalytic performance. The catalytic ozonation combined system of MnOX/activated carbon could keep ozone concentration at a lower level in the liquid phase, and promote the transfer of ozone from the gas phase to the liquid phase to improve ozonation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail: ; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail: ; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail: ; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2 L 3G1, Canada
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Gnanasundaram N, Venugopal A, Katragadda Y, Ullas G. Effect of Inventory Change in a Liquid – Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed (LSCFB). CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCirculating fluidized beds (CFB) play a major role in the chemical industry especially as heterogeneous catalytic reactors. Research on hydrodynamic properties of Liquid – Solid CFBs (LSCFB) is significantly under-reported as compared to Gas – Solid CFBs (GSCFB). Steadily, prominent research is being established in fields like food industry (whey protein recovery), waste management (removal of heavy metals from radioactive wastes) and others, which use LSCFBs. In this context, it is important to have significant knowledge about the changes occurring in hydrodynamic properties like solid hold-up, rate of solid circulation etc., on changing certain critical physical properties such as inventory height. An LSCFB of height 2.95 m and riser outer diameter 0.1 m was chosen and the effect of inventory height on the properties was studied by taking the initial inventory heights as 15 cm, 25 cm and 35 cm. The hydrodynamic studies concentrated on axial solid holdup, average solid holdup, solid circulation rate and slip velocity. On increasing the inventory, uniformity of axial solid holdup was confirmed along with studying holdup patterns. Solid flux was seen to follow an inverse relationship to holdup, as expected. The change in slip velocity with varying inventory was also checked, and was found to decrease with inventory. The distribution parameter, Coof the drift flux model was used to determine the extent of non-uniformity in solid distribution. Cowas calculated to be less than unity in the range of 0.983–0.994, suggesting non-uniformity in solid distribution, with higher solid concentration by the walls compared to the core.
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Piovano S, Salierno GL, Montmany E, D'Agostino M, Maestri M, Cassanello M. Bed Expansion and Particle Classification in Liquid Fluidized Beds with Structured Internals. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sheikhi A, Sotudeh-Gharebagh R, Alfi M, Mostoufi N, Zarghami R. Hydrodynamic characterisation of liquid-solid two-phase fluidised beds: Vibration signature and pressure fluctuations analyses. CAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Atta A, Razzak SA, Nigam KDP, Zhu JX. (Gas)−Liquid−Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactors: Characteristics and Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900163t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Atta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India, and Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - S. A. Razzak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India, and Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - K. D. P. Nigam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India, and Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - J-X. Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India, and Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9
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