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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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2
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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3
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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4
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. Overcoming the Hurdles and Challenges Associated with Developing Continuous Industrial Processes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry Science Centre University College Dublin South Belfield D04 N2E2 Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
- Arran Chemical Company Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate Athlone, Co. Roscommon Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
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5
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Liu Z, Zhu J, Peng C, Wakihara T, Okubo T. Continuous flow synthesis of ordered porous materials: from zeolites to metal–organic frameworks and mesoporous silica. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we review the concepts, challenges and recent developments on the continuous flow synthesis of ordered porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Liu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Ce Peng
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Toru Wakihara
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
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6
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O’Brien AG, Ricci EM, Journet M. Dehydration of an Insoluble Urea Byproduct Enables the Condensation of DCC and Malonic Acid in Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. O’Brien
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Eric M. Ricci
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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7
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Salaklang J, Maes V, Conradi M, Dams R, Junkers T. Direct synthesis of acrylate monomers in heterogeneous continuous flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00120g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, safe and convenient laboratory scale continuous flow process for synthesis of (meth)acrylate monomers is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Salaklang
- Institute for Materials Research
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Universiteit Hasselt
- BE-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Veronique Maes
- Institute for Materials Research
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Universiteit Hasselt
- BE-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Matthias Conradi
- Materials Resource Division
- 3M Belgium BVBA
- BE-2070 Zwijndrecht
- Belgium
| | - Rudy Dams
- Materials Resource Division
- 3M Belgium BVBA
- BE-2070 Zwijndrecht
- Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Universiteit Hasselt
- BE-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
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8
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Kitching MO, Dixon OE, Baumann M, Baxendale IR. Flow-Assisted Synthesis: A Key Fragment of SR 142948A. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia E. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry; University of Durham; South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Durham; South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry; University of Durham; South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
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9
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Taddei M, Steitz DA, van Bokhoven JA, Ranocchiari M. Continuous-Flow Microwave Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Highly Efficient Method for Large-Scale Production. Chemistry 2016; 22:3245-3249. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Taddei
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
| | - Daniel Antti Steitz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich; Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Anton van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich; Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
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11
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Deadman BJ, O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, Crowley DC, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Taming tosyl azide: the development of a scalable continuous diazo transfer process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3423-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ generation and use of tosyl azide in flow enables enhanced safety and ready scale-up in diazo transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Deadman
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Daniel C. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
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12
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Mo Y, Jensen KF. A miniature CSTR cascade for continuous flow of reactions containing solids. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous handling of solids creates challenges for realizing continuous production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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13
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de Oliveira KT, Miller LZ, McQuade DT. Exploiting photooxygenations mediated by porphyrinoid photocatalysts under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photooxygenations of naphthols under continuous flow conditions using porphyrinoids as photocatalysts are described. Reaction conditions, long-term experiments and scope were performed, thus allowing the production of substituted naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
| | - L. Zane Miller
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
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14
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Balti M, Miller SA, Efrit ML, Leadbeater NE. An approach to the synthesis of 4-aryl and 5-aryl substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones employing flow processing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A route to substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones is reported, flow processing and supported reagents being used to facilitate synthesis and product isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monaem Balti
- Université Tunis El Manar
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Heterocyclic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Department of Chemistry
- 1060 Tunis
| | | | - Mohamed Lotfi Efrit
- Université Tunis El Manar
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Heterocyclic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Department of Chemistry
- 1060 Tunis
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15
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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16
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Machine-Assisted Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10122-36. [PMID: 26193360 PMCID: PMC4834626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this Review we describe how the advent of machines is impacting on organic synthesis programs, with particular emphasis on the practical issues associated with the design of chemical reactors. In the rapidly changing, multivariant environment of the research laboratory, equipment needs to be modular to accommodate high and low temperatures and pressures, enzymes, multiphase systems, slurries, gases, and organometallic compounds. Additional technologies have been developed to facilitate more specialized reaction techniques such as electrochemical and photochemical methods. All of these areas create both opportunities and challenges during adoption as enabling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | - Daniel E Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Rebecca M Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Richard J Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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17
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Maschinengestützte organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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