1
|
Lee TC, Tong Y, Fu WC. Advances in Continuous Flow Fluorination Reactions. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300723. [PMID: 37707985 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination reactions are important in constructing organofluorine motifs, which contribute to favorable biological properties in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, fluorination reagents and reactions are associated with various problems, such as their hazardous nature, high exothermicity, and poor selectivity and scalability. Continuous flow has emerged as a transformative technology to provide many advantages relative to batch syntheses. This review article summarizes recent continuous flow techniques that address the limitations and challenges of fluorination reactions. Approaches based on different flow techniques are discussed, including gas-liquid reactions, packed-bed reactors, in-line purifications, streamlined multistep synthesis, large-scale reactions well as flow photoredox- and electrocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laishram RD, Chen J, Fan B. Progress in Visible Light‐Induced Difluroalkylation of Olefins. CHEM REC 2020; 21:69-86. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronibala Devi Laishram
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resource Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650504 Yunnan China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resource Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650504 Yunnan China
| | - Baomin Fan
- School of Chemistry and Environment Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650504 Yunnan China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resource Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650504 Yunnan China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yakubov S, Barham JP. Photosensitized direct C-H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2151-2192. [PMID: 32952732 PMCID: PMC7476599 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fluorinated products in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry has necessitated the development of synthetic fluorination methods, of which direct C-H fluorination is among the most powerful. Despite the challenges and limitations associated with the direct fluorination of unactivated C-H bonds, appreciable advancements in manipulating the selectivity and reactivity have been made, especially via transition metal catalysis and photochemistry. Where transition metal catalysis provides one strategy for C-H bond activation, transition-metal-free photochemical C-H fluorination can provide a complementary selectivity via a radical mechanism that proceeds under milder conditions than thermal radical activation methods. One exciting development in C-F bond formation is the use of small-molecule photosensitizers, allowing the reactions i) to proceed under mild conditions, ii) to be user-friendly, iii) to be cost-effective and iv) to be more amenable to scalability than typical photoredox-catalyzed methods. In this review, we highlight photosensitized C-H fluorination as a recent strategy for the direct and remote activation of C-H (especially C(sp3)-H) bonds. To guide the readers, we present the developing mechanistic understandings of these reactions and exemplify concepts to assist the future planning of reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sap JBI, Straathof NJW, Knauber T, Meyer CF, Médebielle M, Buglioni L, Genicot C, Trabanco AA, Noël T, Am Ende CW, Gouverneur V. Organophotoredox Hydrodefluorination of Trifluoromethylarenes with Translational Applicability to Drug Discovery. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9181-9187. [PMID: 32379965 PMCID: PMC7304874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Molecular
editing such as insertion, deletion, and single atom
exchange in highly functionalized compounds is an aspirational goal
for all chemists. Here, we disclose a photoredox protocol for the
replacement of a single fluorine atom with hydrogen in electron-deficient
trifluoromethylarenes including complex drug molecules. A robustness
screening experiment shows that this reductive defluorination tolerates
a range of functional groups and heterocycles commonly found in bioactive
molecules. Preliminary studies allude to a catalytic cycle whereby
the excited state of the organophotocatalyst is reductively quenched
by the hydrogen atom donor, and returned in its original oxidation
state by the trifluoromethylarene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen B I Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Knauber
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claudio F Meyer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, Toledo E-45007, Spain
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ. Lyon, Université Lyon I, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Laura Buglioni
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14, Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Genicot
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma Sprl, 1420 Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, Toledo E-45007, Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14, Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reaction evolution of a solvate fluoride ionic liquid induced fluorination process probed by Raman spectroscopy. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Di Filippo M, Bracken C, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020356. [PMID: 31952244 PMCID: PMC7024297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Snead DR, Lévesque F, Morris WJ, Naber JR. An improved Balz-Schiemann reaction enabled by ionic liquids and continuous processing. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
9
|
Nishiyama Y, Fujii A, Mori H. Selective synthesis of azoxybenzenes from nitrobenzenes by visible light irradiation under continuous flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a highly selective preparation method of azoxybenzenes from nitrobenzenes by visible-light irradiation using flow microreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Fujii
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Hajime Mori
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kozytskiy AV, Panasyuk YV, Mishura AM. Photocatalytic Monofluorination of Unactivated C(sp3)–H Bonds by N-Fluorobenzenesulfimide Involving the Decatungstate Anion and the Effect of Water Additives on These Reactions. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-018-9577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
McWilliams JC, Allian AD, Opalka SM, May SA, Journet M, Braden TM. The Evolving State of Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing: A Survey of Pharmaceutical Companies and Contract Manufacturing Organizations. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman D. Allian
- Department of Pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Chemical Process Development, Biogen Idec, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- API Chemistry, GSK, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2810, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Timothy M. Braden
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Poscharny K, Fabry D, Heddrich S, Sugiono E, Liauw M, Rueping M. Machine assisted reaction optimization: A self-optimizing reactor system for continuous-flow photochemical reactions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
13
|
Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zeng XL, Deng ZY, Liu C, Zhao G, Lin JH, Zheng X, Xiao JC. Nucleophilic monofluoroalkylation with fluorinated phosphonium salt toward carbonyl and imine compounds. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
15
|
Lantaño B, Postigo A. Radical fluorination reactions by thermal and photoinduced methods. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9954-9973. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Radical fluorination reactions of aliphatic Csp3 and Csp2 atoms, decarboxylative fluorination, and fluorination of (hetero)aromatics can be accomplished with electrophilic fluorinating reagents such as Selectfluor and NFSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lantaño
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-Conicet-Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Ciudad de Buenos Aires
| | - Al Postigo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-Conicet-Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Ciudad de Buenos Aires
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Halogenation of organic compounds using continuous flow and microreactor technology. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation reactions involving highly reactive halogenating agents can be performed safely and with improved efficiency and selectivity under continuous flow conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- Graz
- Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- Graz
- Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiang Y, Li Y, Kuang Y, Wu J. Vicinal Difluoroalkylation and Aminosulfonylation of Alkynes under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2016; 23:1032-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Xiang
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yuewen Li
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yunyan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Straathof NJW, Cramer SE, Hessel V, Noël T. Practical Photocatalytic Trifluoromethylation and Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Styrenes in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natan J. W. Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sten E. Cramer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Straathof NJW, Cramer SE, Hessel V, Noël T. Practical Photocatalytic Trifluoromethylation and Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Styrenes in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15549-15553. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natan J. W. Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sten E. Cramer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Staveness D, Bosque I, Stephenson CRJ. Free Radical Chemistry Enabled by Visible Light-Induced Electron Transfer. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2295-2306. [PMID: 27529484 PMCID: PMC5127252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Harnessing
visible light as the driving force
for chemical transformations generally offers a more environmentally
friendly alternative compared with classical synthetic methodology.
The transition metal-based photocatalysts commonly employed in photoredox
catalysis absorb efficiently in the visible spectrum, unlike most
organic substrates, allowing for orthogonal excitation. The subsequent
excited states are both more reducing and more oxidizing than the
ground state catalyst and are competitive with some of the more powerful
single-electron oxidants or reductants available to organic chemists
yet are simply accessed via irradiation. The benefits of this strategy
have proven particularly useful in radical chemistry, a field that
traditionally employs rather toxic and hazardous reagents to generate
the desired intermediates. In this Account, we discuss our efforts
to leverage visible light photoredox catalysis in radical-based bond-forming
and bond-cleaving events for which few, if any, environmentally benign
alternatives exist. Mechanistic investigations have driven our contributions
in this field, for both facilitating desired transformations and offering
new, unexpected opportunities. In fact, our total synthesis of (+)-gliocladin
C was only possible upon elucidating the propensity for various trialkylamine
additives to elicit a dual behavior as both a reductive quencher and
a H-atom donor. Importantly, while natural product synthesis was central
to our initial motivations to explore these photochemical processes,
we have since demonstrated applicability within other subfields of
chemistry, and our evaluation of flow technologies demonstrates the
potential to translate these results from the bench to pilot scale. Our forays into photoredox catalysis began with fundamental methodology,
providing a tin-free reductive dehalogenation that exchanged the gamut
of hazardous reagents previously employed for such a transformation
for visible light-mediated, ambient temperature conditions. Evolving
from this work, a new avenue toward atom transfer radical addition
(ATRA) chemistry was developed, enabling dual functionalization of
both double and triple bonds. Importantly, we have also expanded our
portfolio to target clinically relevant scaffolds. Photoredox catalysis
proved effective in generating high value fluorinated alkyl radicals
through the use of abundantly available starting materials, providing
access to libraries of trifluoromethylated (hetero)arenes as well
as intriguing gem-difluoro benzyl motifs via a novel
photochemical radical Smiles rearrangement. Finally, we discuss a
photochemical strategy toward sustainable lignin processing through
selective C–O bond cleavage methodology. The collection of
these efforts is meant to highlight the potential for visible light-mediated
radical chemistry to impact a variety of industrial sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Staveness
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irene Bosque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Elliott LD, Berry M, Harji B, Klauber D, Leonard J, Booker-Milburn KI. A Small-Footprint, High-Capacity Flow Reactor for UV Photochemical Synthesis on the Kilogram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Elliott
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Berry
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Bashir Harji
- Cambridge Reactor Design Ltd., Unit D2, Brookfield Business Centre, Twentypence Road, Cottenham CB24 8PS, United Kingdom
| | - David Klauber
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - John Leonard
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Clark CA, Lee DS, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. A Simple and Versatile Reactor for Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. George
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cherkasov N, Al-Rawashdeh M’, Ibhadon AO, Rebrov EV. Scale up study of capillary microreactors in solvent-free semihydrogenation of 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
Fluorination reactions of medicinal and biologically-active compounds will be discussed. Late stage fluorination strategies of medicinal targets have recently attracted considerable attention on account of the influence that a fluorine atom can impart to targets of medicinal importance, such as modulation of lipophilicity, electronegativity, basicity and bioavailability, the latter as a consequence of membrane permeability. Therefore, the recourse to late-stage fluorine substitution on compounds with already known and relevant biological activity can provide the pharmaceutical industry with new leads with improved medicinal properties. The fluorination strategies will take into account different fluorinating reagents, either of nucleophilic or electrophilic, and of radical nature. Diverse families of organic compounds such as (hetero)aromatic rings, and aliphatic substrates (sp(3), sp(2), and sp carbon atoms) will be studied in late-stage fluorination reaction strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian E Yerien
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Junín 954 CP, 1113-Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Su Y, Kuijpers KPL, König N, Shang M, Hessel V, Noël T. A Mechanistic Investigation of the Visible-Light Photocatalytic Trifluoromethylation of Heterocycles Using CF3I in Flow. Chemistry 2016; 22:12295-300. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Koen P. L. Kuijpers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Niels König
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bottecchia C, Wei XJ, Kuijpers KPL, Hessel V, Noël T. Visible Light-Induced Trifluoromethylation and Perfluoroalkylation of Cysteine Residues in Batch and Continuous Flow. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7301-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen P. L. Kuijpers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mertens L, Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. Fluoroalkyl-Substituted Diazomethanes and Their Application in a General Synthesis of Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines. Chemistry 2016; 22:9542-5. [PMID: 27168358 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel continuous-flow approach for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl-substituted diazomethanes has been developed. Utilizing a cheap, self-made microreactor fluoroalkyl-substituted amines were transformed into the corresponding diazomethanes using tert-butyl nitrite and acetic acid as catalyst. These diazomethanes were employed in [2+3] cycloaddition reactions with olefins and alkynes, yielding valuable pyrazolines and pyrazoles in good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mertens
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pan X, Xia H, Wu J. Recent advances in photoinduced trifluoromethylation and difluoroalkylation. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in photoinduced trifluoromethylation and difluoroalkylation under photocatalysis are summarized. Most of the photoredox reactions proceed efficiently under mild conditions with simple operation. Various fluorinated reagents are developed and applied in different transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hock KJ, Mertens L, Koenigs RM. Rhodium catalyzed synthesis of difluoromethyl cyclopropanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13783-13786. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07745e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Difluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropanes still remain one of the most challenging class of substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J. Hock
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Lucas Mertens
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li Y, Xiang Y, Li Z, Wu J. Direct vicinal difunctionalization of alkynes through trifluoromethylation and aminosulfonylation via insertion of sulfur dioxide under catalyst-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00434b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct vicinal difunctionalization of alkynes through a catalyst-free four-component reaction of Togni's reagent, alkynes, sulfur dioxide, and hydrazines at room temperature is developed, which generates (E)-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene-1-sulfonohydrazides in good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yuanchao Xiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rehm TH, Gros S, Löb P, Renken A. Photonic contacting of gas–liquid phases in a falling film microreactor for continuous-flow photochemical catalysis with visible light. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A microstructured falling film reactor was applied to the dye-sensitized photochemical conversion of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene to juglone for reactor and process evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Gros
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM
- 55129 Mainz
- Germany
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- EPFL-ISIC
| | | | - Albert Renken
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- EPFL-ISIC
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
An Y, Kuang Y, Wu J. Synthesis of trifluoromethylated 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones via a photo-induced radical cyclization of benzene-tethered 1,7-enynes with Togni reagent. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00267f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced radical cyclization of benzene-tethered 1,7-enynes with Togni reagent in the presence of sodium iodide is developed. This transformation works well without any metals or photo-redox catalysts at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan An
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yunyan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xiang Y, Kuang Y, Wu J. Generation of benzosultams via trifluoromethylation of 2-ethynylbenzenesulfonamide under visible light. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00120c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under visible light irradiation, 2-ethynylbenzenesulfonamides react with Togni's reagent in the presence of a photocatalyst leading to 3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxides in good yields. This transformation proceeds efficiently at room temperature through a photo-initiated trifluoromethylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Xiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yunyan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|