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Lenne Q, Andrieux V, Levanen G, Bergamini JF, Nicolas P, Paquin L, Lagrost C, Leroux YR. Electrochemical grafting of aryl diazonium salts in deep eutectic solvents. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Khan R, Nishina Y. Covalent functionalization of carbon materials with redox-active organic molecules for energy storage. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:36-50. [PMID: 33336671 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07500k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based materials (CBMs) have shown great versatility because they can be chemically combined with other materials for various applications. Chemical modification of CBMs can be achieved via covalent or non-covalent interactions. Non-covalent interactions are weak and fragile, causing structural change and molecule dissociation. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the covalent modification of CBMs via organic chemistry techniques, aiming at forming more robust and stable CBMs. Besides, their application as electrode materials in energy storage systems is also within the scope of this review. Covalent binding of redox-active organic molecules with CBMs improves the transfer rate of electrons and prevents the dissolution of redox-active molecules, resulting in good conductivity and cycle life. Numerous papers on the functionalization of CBMs have been published to date, but some of them lack scientific evidence and are unable to understand from chemistry viewpoint. Reliable articles with adequate evidence are summarized in this review from a synthetic chemistry viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Khan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Pilan L. Tailoring the performance of electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials via aryldiazonium electrografting. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107697. [PMID: 33486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) offer some of the most valuable properties for electrochemical biosensing applications, such as good electrical conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, high specific surface area, and biocompatibility. Regardless the envisioned sensing application, endowing CNs with specific functions through controlled chemical functionalization is fundamental for promoting the specific binding of the analyte. As a versatile and straightforward method of surface functionalization, aryldiazonium chemistry have been successfully used to accommodate in a stable and reproducible way different functionalities, while the electrochemical route has become the favourite choice since the deposition conditions can be readily controlled and adapted to the substrate. In particular, the modification of CNs by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts is established as a powerful tool which allows tailoring the chemical and electronic properties of the sensing platform. By outlining the stimulating results disclosed in the last years, this article provides not only a comprehensively review, but also a rational assessment on contribution of aryldiazonium electrografting in developing CNs-based electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, some of the emerging challenges to be surpassed to effectively implement this methodology for in vivo and point of care analysis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
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Mattiuzzi A, Lenne Q, Carvalho Padilha J, Troian-Gautier L, Leroux YR, Jabin I, Lagrost C. Strategies for the Formation of Monolayers From Diazonium Salts: Unconventional Grafting Media, Unconventional Building Blocks. Front Chem 2020; 8:559. [PMID: 32766206 PMCID: PMC7381217 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneered by J. Pinson and coll. in 1990s, the reductive grafting of aryldiazonium salts has become a powerful method for surface functionalization. Highly robust interfaces result from this surface attachment, resistant to heat, chemical degradation and ultrasonication. Importantly, this approach can be applied to many materials, ranging from conducting, semi-conducting, oxides to insulating substrates. In addition, either massive, flat surfaces or nanomaterials can be functionalized. The method is easy to process and fast. The grafting process involves the formation of highly reactive aryl radicals able to attack the substrate. However, the generated radicals can also react with already-grafted aryl species, leading to the formation of loosely-packed polyaryl multilayer films, typically of 10-15 nm thick. It is thus highly challenging to control the vertical extension of the deposited layer and to form well-ordered monolayers from aryldiazonium salts. In this mini review, we briefly describe the different strategies that have been developed to prepare well-ordered monolayers. We especially focus on two strategies successfully used in our laboratories, namely the use of unconventional solvents, i.e., room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), as grafting media and the use of calixarene macrocycles by taking benefit of their pre-organized structure. These strategies give large possibilities for the structuring of interfaces with the widest choice of materials and highlight the potential of aryldiazonium grafting as a competitive alternative to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkyl thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janine Carvalho Padilha
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Mattiuzzi A, Troian-Gautier L, Mertens J, Reniers F, Bergamini JF, Lenne Q, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Robust hydrophobic gold, glass and polypropylene surfaces obtained through a nanometric covalently bound organic layer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13553-13561. [PMID: 35492995 PMCID: PMC9051540 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The (electro)chemical grafting of a polyfluorinated calix[4]arene on gold, polypropylene and glass is reported. The modified surfaces were characterized by ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A nanometric, robust and uniform monolayer of covalently surface-bound calix[4]arenes was obtained on the three different materials. For all surfaces, contact angles higher than 110° were recorded, highlighting the hydrophobic character given by this ∼2 nm thin organic monolayer. Remarkably, the contact angle values remained unchanged after 18 months under a laboratory atmosphere. The results presented herein thus present an attractive and sustainable strategy for bringing hydrophobic properties to the interface of a wide range of materials. The grafting of a polyfluorinated calix[4]arene-tetradiazonium derivative on various surfaces led to the formation of very robust and stable hydrophobic monolayers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mattiuzzi
- X4C 128 Rue du Chêne Bonnet 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP 160/06, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Jérémy Mertens
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials - ChemSIN, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP 255, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - François Reniers
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials - ChemSIN, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP 255, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Quentin Lenne
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP 160/06, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
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Troian-Gautier L, Mattiuzzi A, Reinaud O, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Use of calixarenes bearing diazonium groups for the development of robust monolayers with unique tailored properties. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3624-3637. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calixarene-based diazonium salts can be easily synthesized in a few steps. This review surveys recent examples that illustrate the key advantages of these highly reactive molecular platforms for surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- X4C
| | - Olivia Reinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université de Paris
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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7
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Qi M, Liu G. Advances on Aryldiazonium Salt Chemistry Based Interfacial Fabrication for Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5031-5049. [PMID: 28124552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium salts as coupling agents for surface chemistry have evidenced their wide applications for the development of sensors. Combined with advances in nanomaterials, current trends in sensor science and a variety of particular advantages of aryldiazonium salt chemistry in sensing have driven the aryldiazonium salt-based sensing strategies to grow at an astonishing pace. This review focuses on the advances in the use of aryldiazonium salts for modifying interfaces in sensors and biosensors during the past decade. It will first summarize the current methods for modification of interfaces with aryldiazonium salts, and then discuss the sensing applications of aryldiazonium salts modified on different transducers (bulky solid electrodes, nanomaterials modified bulky solid electrodes, and nanoparticles). Finally, the challenges and perspectives that aryldiazonium salt chemistry is facing in sensing applications are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University , North Ryde 2109, Australia
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Breton T, Downard AJ. Controlling Grafting from Aryldiazonium Salts: A Review of Methods for the Preparation of Monolayers. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification by grafting from aryldiazonium salts has been widely studied and applied to many substrates as a simple and versatile method for preparing strongly adherent organic coatings. Unless special precautions or conditions are used, the usual film structure is a loosely packed disordered multilayer; however, over the past decade, attention has been paid to establishing strategies for grafting just a monolayer of modifiers to the surface. To date, four general approaches to monolayer preparation have emerged: use of aryldiazonium ions with cleavable protection groups; use of aryldiazonium ions with steric constraints; grafting in the presence of a radical scavenger; and grafting from ionic liquids. This review describes these approaches, illustrates some of their applications, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Farquhar AK, Fitchett CM, Dykstra HM, Waterland MR, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthranilic Acids: A Versatile Route to Dense Monolayers on Flat Edge and Basal Plane Graphitic Carbon Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23389-23395. [PMID: 27529723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methods that reliably yield monolayers of covalently anchored modifiers on graphene and other planar graphitic materials are in demand. Covalently bonded groups can add functionality to graphitic carbon for applications ranging from sensing to supercapacitors and can tune the electronic and optical properties of graphene. Limiting modification to a monolayer gives a layer with well-defined concentration and thickness providing a minimum barrier to charge transfer. Here we investigate the use of anthranilic acid derivatives for grafting aryl groups to few layer graphene and pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF). Under mild conditions, anthranilic acids generate arynes, which undergo Diels-Alder cycloadditions. Using spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that the reaction yields monolayers of aryl groups on graphene and PPF with maximum surface coverages consistent with densely packed layers. Our study confirms that anthranilic acids offer a convenient route to covalent modification of planar graphitic carbons (both basal and edge plane materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Haidee M Dykstra
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Chemistry-Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mark R Waterland
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Chemistry-Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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10
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Brooksby PA, Shields JD, Farquhar AK, Downard AJ. Reduction of Nitrophenyl Films in Aqueous Solutions: How Many Electrons? ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - James D. Shields
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Anna K. Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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