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Imagawa T, Ito S, Hennrich F, Neumaier M, Weis P, Koyasu K, Kappes MM, Tsukuda T. Revisiting the structure of [PdAu9(PPh3)8(CN)]2+ produced by atmospheric pressure plasma irradiation of [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ in methanol. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:024303. [PMID: 38980089 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Some of the authors of the present research group have previously reported mass spectrometric detection of [PdAu9(PPh3)8(CN)]2+ (PdAu9CN) by atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) irradiation of [MAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PdAu8) in methanol and proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations that PdAu9CN is constructed by inserting a CNAu or NCAu unit into the Au-PPh3 bond of PdAu8 [Emori et al., J. Chem. Phys. 155, 124312 (2021)]. In this follow-up study, we revisited the structure of PdAu9CN by high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry on an isolated sample of PdAu9CN with the help of dispersion-corrected DFT calculation. In contradiction to the previous proposal, we conclude that isomers in which an AuCN unit is directly bonded to the central Pd atom of PdAu8 are better candidates. This assignment was supported by Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies of isolated PdAu9CN. The simultaneous formation of [Au(PPh3)2]+ and PdAu9CN suggests that the AuCN species are formed by APP irradiation at the expense of a portion of PdAu8. These results indicate that APP may offer a unique method for transforming metal clusters into novel ones by generating in situ active species that were not originally added to the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Imagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shun Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von- Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marco Neumaier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von- Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Fujiki Y, Matsuyama T, Kikkawa S, Hirayama J, Takaya H, Nakatani N, Yasuda N, Nitta K, Negishi Y, Yamazoe S. Counteranion-induced structural isomerization of phosphine-protected PdAu 8 and PtAu 8 clusters. Commun Chem 2023; 6:129. [PMID: 37340116 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the geometric structures of metal clusters through structural isomerization allows for tuning of their electronic state. In this study, we successfully synthesized butterfly-motif [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PdAu8-B, B means butterfly-motif) and [PtAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PtAu8-B) by the structural isomerization from crown-motif [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PdAu8-C, C means crown-motif) and [PtAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (PtAu8-C), induced by association with anionic polyoxometalate, [Mo6O19]2- (Mo6) respectively, whereas their structural isomerization was suppressed by the use of [NO3]- and [PMo12O40]3- as counter anions. DR-UV-vis-NIR and XAFS analyses and density functional theory calculations revealed that the synthesized [PdAu8(PPh3)8][Mo6O19] (PdAu8-Mo6) and [PtAu8(PPh3)8][Mo6O19] (PtAu8-Mo6) had PdAu8-B and PtAu8-B respectively because PdAu8-Mo6 and PtAu8-Mo6 had bands in optical absorption at the longer wavelength region and different structural parameters characteristic of the butterfly-motif structure obtained by XAFS analysis. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that PdAu8-B and PtAu8-B were surrounded by six Mo6 with rock salt-type packing, which stabilizes the semi-stable butterfly-motif structure to overcome high activation energy for structural isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujiki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Soichi Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- Department of Life & Health Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senjyusakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Adnan RH, Madridejos JML, Alotabi AS, Metha GF, Andersson GG. A Review of State of the Art in Phosphine Ligated Gold Clusters and Application in Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105692. [PMID: 35332703 PMCID: PMC9130904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold clusters are highly desirable due to their well-defined structure which allows the study of structure-property relationships. In addition, they have potential in technological applications such as nanoscale catalysis. The structural, chemical, electronic, and optical properties of ligated gold clusters are strongly defined by the metal-ligand interaction and type of ligands. This critical feature renders gold-phosphine clusters unique and distinct from other ligand-protected gold clusters. The use of multidentate phosphines enables preparation of varying core sizes and exotic structures beyond regular polyhedrons. Weak gold-phosphorous (Au-P) bonding is advantageous for ligand exchange and removal for specific applications, such as catalysis, without agglomeration. The aim of this review is to provide a unified view of gold-phosphine clusters and to present an in-depth discussion on recent advances and key developments for these clusters. This review features the unique chemistry, structural, electronic, and optical properties of gold-phosphine clusters. Advanced characterization techniques, including synchrotron-based spectroscopy, have unraveled substantial effects of Au-P interaction on the composition-, structure-, and size-dependent properties. State-of-the-art theoretical calculations that reveal insights into experimental findings are also discussed. Finally, a discussion of the application of gold-phosphine clusters in catalysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohul H. Adnan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCenter for Hydrogen EnergyUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Johor Bahru81310Malaysia
| | | | - Abdulrahman S. Alotabi
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia5042Australia
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Science and Arts in BaljurashiAlbaha UniversityBaljurashi65655Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia5005Australia
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia5042Australia
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Wang L, Omoda T, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Controlled Synthesis of Diphosphine-Protected Gold Cluster Cations Using Magnetron Sputtering Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041330. [PMID: 35209117 PMCID: PMC8879177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated, for the first time, atomically precise synthesis of gold cluster cations by magnetron sputtering of a gold target onto a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2, dppp). UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the formation of cationic species, such as [Au(dppp)n]+ (n = 1, 2), [Au2(dppp)n]2+ (n = 3, 4), [Au6(dppp)n]2+ (n = 3, 4), and [Au11(dppp)5]3+. The formation of [Au(dppp)2]+ was ascribed to ionization of Au(dppp)2 by the reaction with PEG, based on its low ionization energy, theoretically predicted, mass spectrometric detection of deprotonated anions of PEG. We proposed that [Au(dppp)2]+ cations thus formed are involved as key components in the formation of the cluster cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Tsubasa Omoda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-4363
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Cesari C, Funaioli T, Berti B, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Vivaldi FM, Zacchini S. Atomically Precise Ni-Pd Alloy Carbonyl Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Total Structure, Electrochemistry, Spectroelectrochemistry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16713-16725. [PMID: 34672566 PMCID: PMC8564757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular nanocluster [Ni36-xPd5+x(CO)46]6- (x = 0.41) (16-) was obtained from the reaction of [NMe3(CH2Ph)]2[Ni6(CO)12] with 0.8 molar equivalent of [Pd(CH3CN)4][BF4]2 in tetrahydrofuran (thf). In contrast, [Ni37-xPd7+x(CO)48]6- (x = 0.69) (26-) and [HNi37-xPd7+x(CO)48]5- (x = 0.53) (35-) were obtained from the reactions of [NBu4]2[Ni6(CO)12] with 0.9-1.0 molar equivalent of [Pd(CH3CN)4][BF4]2 in thf. After workup, 35- was extracted in acetone, whereas 26- was soluble in CH3CN. The total structures of 16-, 26-, and 35- were determined with atomic precision by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their metal cores adopted cubic close packed structures and displayed both substitutional and compositional disorder, in light of the fact that some positions could be occupied by either Ni or Pd. The redox behavior of these new Ni-Pd molecular alloy nanoclusters was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared spectroelectrochemistry. All three compounds 16-, 26-, and 35- displayed several reversible redox processes and behaved as electron sinks and molecular nanocapacitors. Moreover, to gain insight into the factors that affect the current-potential profiles, cyclic voltammograms were recorded at both Pt and glassy carbon working electrodes and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments performed for the first time on molecular carbonyl nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Kang X, Li Y, Zhu M, Jin R. Atomically precise alloy nanoclusters: syntheses, structures, and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6443-6514. [PMID: 32760953 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters fill the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles, providing unique opportunities for investigating the quantum effects and precise structure-property correlations at the atomic level. As a versatile strategy, alloying can largely improve the physicochemical performances compared to the corresponding homo-metal nanoclusters, and thus benefit the applications of such nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the achievements of atomically precise alloy nanoclusters, and summarize the alloying principles and fundamentals, including the synthetic methods, site-preferences for different heteroatoms in the templates, and alloying-induced structure and property changes. First, based on various Au or Ag nanocluster templates, heteroatom doping modes are presented. The templates with electronic shell-closing configurations tend to maintain their structures during doping, while the others may undergo transformation and give rise to alloy nanoclusters with new structures. Second, alloy nanoclusters of specific magic sizes are reviewed. The arrangement of different atoms is related to the symmetry of the structures; that is, different atoms are symmetrically located in the nanoclusters of smaller sizes, and evolve into shell-by-shell structures at larger sizes. Then, we elaborate on the alloying effects in terms of optical, electrochemical, electroluminescent, magnetic and chiral properties, as well as the stability and reactivity via comparisons between the doped nanoclusters and their homo-metal counterparts. For example, central heteroatom-induced photoluminescence enhancement is emphasized. The applications of alloy nanoclusters in catalysis, chemical sensing, bio-labeling, and other fields are further discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on existing issues and future efforts. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and controllable doping modes so as to achieve more alloy nanoclusters with customized compositions, structures, and properties for applications. This review is based on publications available up to February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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Zhang JX, Sheong FK, Lin Z. Superatomic Ligand-Field Splitting in Ligated Gold Nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8864-8870. [PMID: 32538629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters are attractive because of their electronic and optical properties. Many theoretical models have been proposed to explain their electronic structures through an electron-counting approach. However, subtle features may not be well explained by electron-counting rules. In this work, we have discovered a unique example of ligand-controlled skeletal bonding in two recently reported gold nanoclusters with very similar compositions and geometries. We have shown that the superatomic orbitals of the common kernel of the two clusters undergo different ligand-field splitting because of the different ligand-field strengths in the two clusters. Such a difference is clearly revealed by constructing the Jellium orbitals via an orbital alignment process, and a subsequent localization of the Jellium orbitals allows us to obtain localized bonding models. Finally, on the basis of localized bonding models, we predict the existence of a ligated gold cluster with a [Au32]4+ kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Fu Kit Sheong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China.,Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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Hirata K, Tomihara R, Kim K, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Characterization of chemically modified gold and silver clusters in gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17463-17474. [PMID: 31363731 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise Au and Ag clusters protected by organic ligands can be viewed as chemically modified Au/Ag superatoms and have attracted interest as promising building units of functional materials and ideal platforms for studying the size-dependent evolution of structures and properties. Their structures, stability, and physicochemical properties have been characterized in solution and solid (or crystalline) phases by various methods conventionally used in materials science. However, novel and complementary information on their intrinsic stability and structures can be obtained by applying a variety of gas-phase methods, including mass spectrometry, ion mobility mass spectrometry, collision- or surface-induced dissociation mass spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy, and photodissociation mass spectrometry, to the chemically modified Au/Ag superatoms isolated in the gas phase. This perspective describes our recent efforts in the gas-phase studies on chemically synthesized Au/Ag superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Takano S, Hasegawa S, Suyama M, Tsukuda T. Hydride Doping of Chemically Modified Gold-Based Superatoms. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3074-3083. [PMID: 30427181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atomically size-selected gold (Au) clusters protected by organic ligands or stabilized by polymers provide an ideal platform to test fundamental concepts and size-specific phenomena, such as the superatomic concept and metal-to-nonmetal transition. Recent studies revealed that these stabilized Au clusters take atomlike quantized electronic structures and can be viewed as chemically modified Au superatoms. An analogy between Au and hydrogen (H) atoms is an interesting proposal made for bare Au clusters: a Au atom at a low-coordination site of a Au cluster can be replaced with a H atom while retaining the structural motif and electronic structure. However, this proposal has not been experimentally proved in chemically modified Au superatoms while a recent theoretical study predicted the formation of [HAu25(SR)18]0 (RS = thiolate). This Account summarizes our recent studies on the interaction of hydride(s) with two types of chemically modified Au-based superatoms: (1) the Au cores of [Au9(PPh3)8]3+ and [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ formally described as (Au9)3+ and (PdAu8)2+, respectively, and (2) Au34 cluster stabilized by poly( N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). The (Au9)3+ and (PdAu8)2+ cores correspond to oblate-shaped superatoms with six electrons and a coordinatively unsaturated site at the center, whereas the Au34 cluster in PVP is viewed as a nearly spherical superatom having a closed electronic structure with 34 electrons and multiple uncoordinated sites on the surface. Through this study, we aimed to deepen our understanding on the role of a hydride in the formation processes of Au superatoms, the effect of adsorbed hydride(s) on the electronic structure of Au superatoms, and the activity of adsorbed hydrogen species for hydrogenation catalysis. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that a single hydride (H-) was selectively doped to (Au9)3+ and (PdAu8)2+ upon reactions with BH4- to form (HAu9)2+ and (HPdAu8)+, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that (HAu9)2+ and (HPdAu8)+ were more spherical than the original superatoms and had a closed electronic structure with eight electrons. The hydride-doped (HAu9)2+ was selectively converted to the well-known (Au11)3+ by electrophilic addition of two Au(I) units whereas (HPdAu8)+ was converted to a new hydride-doped (HPdAu10)3+. A two-step mechanism was proposed for hydride-mediated growth of Au-based superatoms: closure of the electronic structures by adsorption of a hydride, followed by the addition of two Au(I) units. The selective formation of Au34 superatoms in PVP is also explained by assuming that hydride-doped Au clusters with 34 electrons were involved as key intermediates. The Au34 superatom exhibited the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band by reacting with BH4- due to the electron donation by multiply adsorbed hydrides. The LSPR band disappeared by exposing hydride-doped Au34 to dissolved O2, but reappeared by reaction with BH4-. Catalysis for hydrogenation of C═C bonds was generated by doping a single Pd or Rh atom to Au34. The results reported here demonstrate that the hydride doped to chemically modified Au superatoms mimics Au- in terms of electron count. The hydride-mediated growth processes observed will contribute to the development of an atomically precise, bottom-up method of synthesizing new artificial elements in a periodic table for nanoscale materials. The interaction of hydride(s) with Au superatoms will find application in hydrogenation catalysis and hydrogen sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Megumi Suyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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10
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Takano S, Hirai H, Muramatsu S, Tsukuda T. Hydride-Mediated Controlled Growth of a Bimetallic (Pd@Au 8) 2+ Superatom to a Hydride-Doped (HPd@Au 10) 3+ Superatom. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12314-12317. [PMID: 30179477 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hydride (H-)-doped bimetallic superatom (HPdAu8)+ was produced by reacting BH4- with an oblate (PdAu8)2+ superatom protected by PPh3. The H atom in (HPdAu8)+ survived during the sequential addition of Au(I)Cl to form an (HPdAu10)3+ superatom, in sharp contrast to the proton release from a H--doped pure gold superatom (HAu9)2+ in the growth process to (Au11)3+. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory calculations on (HPdAu10)3+ showed that the interstitially doped H atom induced a notable deformation of the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Haru Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) , Kyoto University , Katsura , Kyoto 615-8520 , Japan
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Muñoz-Castro A, Saillard JY. [Au 12 (SR) 6 ] 2- , As Smaller 8-Electron Gold Nanocluster Retaining an SP 3 -Core. Evaluation of Bonding and Optical Properties from Relativistic DFT Calculations. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1846-1851. [PMID: 29697900 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the versatility of atomically precise clusters is a relevant issue in the design of functional nanostructures. Superatomic clusters offer an ideal framework to gain further understanding of the different distinctive size-dependent physical and chemical properties. Here, we propose [Au12 (SR)6 ]2- as a minimal 8-electron superatom related to the prototypical [Au25 (SR)18 ]- cluster, depicting half of its core-mass (2.3 kDa vs 5.0 kDa). The [Au12 (SMe)6 ]2- cluster fulfills a 1S2 1P6 electronic configuration, with a distorted tetrahedral Au8 core further viewed as an SP3 -hybridized superatom. The distinctive optical properties show a blue-shift for the first relevant 1P→1D transition, in comparison to [Au25 (SR)18 ]- . In addition, chiroptical activity is observed, denoting intrinsic core chirality. We expect that our results can shed light into the variation of the molecular properties according to the size-dependent properties, and serve as guidelines for further experimental exploration of minimal or ultrasmall nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile
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Yamazoe S, Matsuo S, Muramatsu S, Takano S, Nitta K, Tsukuda T. Suppressing Isomerization of Phosphine-Protected Au9 Cluster by Bond Stiffening Induced by a Single Pd Atom Substitution. Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- CREST, JST, K's Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shota Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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