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Huang X, Sun Q, Zhao J, Wu G, Zhang Y, Shen Y. Recent progress on charge transfer engineering in reticular framework for efficient electrochemiluminescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3859-3867. [PMID: 38613684 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a luminescence production technique triggered by electrochemistry, which has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in bioanalysis and clinical diagnosis. During ECL, charge transfer (CT) is an important process between electrochemical excitation and luminescent emission, and dramatically affects the efficiency of exciton generation, playing a pivotal role in the light-emitting properties of nanomaterials. Reticular framework materials with intramolecular/intermolecular interactions offer a promising platform for regulating CT pathways and enhancing luminescence efficiency. Deciphering the role of intramolecular/intermolecular CT processes in reticular framework materials allows for the targeted design and synthesis of emitters with precisely controlled CT properties. This sheds light on the microscopic mechanisms of electro-optical conversion in ECL, propelling advancements in their efficiency and breakthrough applications. This mini-review focuses on recent advancements in engineering CT within reticular frameworks to boost ECL efficiency. We summarized strategies including intra-reticular charge transfer, CT between the metal and ligands, and CT between guest molecules and frameworks within reticular frameworks, which holds promise for developing next-generation ECL devices with enhanced sensitivity and light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Huang
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinjin Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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Ishimatsu R, Tashiro S, Nakano K. Monomer and Excimer Emission in Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Pyrene and 2,7-Di- tert-butylpyrene Associated with Electron Transfer Distance. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9346-9355. [PMID: 37857283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is a light emission phenomenon caused by electrochemically generated radical anions (R•-) and cations (R•+), in which the ion annihilation results in the formation of a pair of excited (R*) and ground state (R) of a luminescent molecule. Here, the ECL properties of pyrene (Py) and 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene (di-t-BuPy) are reported. It was found that at a commonly employed concentration (1 mM), the ECL spectra were time-dependent because of increasing the oligomer emission and increasing the concentration of R near R*, leading to an enhancement of the excimer emission. At a low concentration range (20-30 μM), the shape of the ECL spectra containing the monomer and excimer emission was determined by isolated pairs of R* and R, which were generated through ion annihilation of R•- and R•+. It was found that in the ECL of Py and di-t-BuPy originated from the isolated pairs of R•- and R•+, 58 and 48% of the excited states were the excimer states, respectively. Diffusion equation analysis indicates that the lower excimer formation in the case of di-t-BuPy is because of a farther initial separation distance between R* and R, i.e., a longer electron transfer distance between the radical ions. The Marcus model for the electron transfer kinetics suggests that the farther electron transfer distance is mainly caused by the larger molecular size, which resulted in a smaller reorganization energy of the solvent acetonitrile molecule. Taking advantage of the photophysical and electrochemical properties of Py and di-t-Bu Py, the monomer and excimer emission in ECL is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ishimatsu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shuya Tashiro
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Sornambigai M, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kumar SS. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex as a universal reagent for the fabrication of heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence platforms and its recent analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5875-5898. [PMID: 37507465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has received enormous attention and has emerged as one of the most successful tools in the field of analytical science. Compared with homogeneous ECL, the heterogeneous (or solid-state) ECL has enhanced the rate of the electron transfer kinetics and offers rapid response time, which is highly beneficial in point-of-care and clinical applications. In ECL, the luminophore is the key element, which dictates the overall performance of the ECL-based sensors in various analytical applications. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex, Ru(bpy)32+, is a coordination compound, which is the gold-standard luminophore in ECL. It has played a key role in translating ECL from a "laboratory curiosity" to a commercial analytical instrument for diagnosis. The aim of the present review is to provide the principles of ECL and classical reaction mechanisms-particularly involving the heterogeneous Ru(bpy)32+/co-reactant ECL systems, as well as the fabrication methods and its importance over solution-phase Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. Then, we discussed the emerging technology in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL-sensing platforms and their recent potential analytical applications such as in immunoassay sensors, DNA sensors, aptasensors, bio-imaging, latent fingerprint detection, point-of-care testing, and detection of non-biomolecules. Finally, we also briefly cover the recent advances in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL coupled with the hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathavan Sornambigai
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Gawrys P, Morawski O, Banasiewicz M, Barboza CA. Magnifying the ESIPT process in tris(salicylideneanilines) via the steric effect - a pathway to the molecules with panchromatic fluorescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12500-12514. [PMID: 37097614 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00638g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Four tris(salicylideneanilines) (TSANs) with gradually increased steric interactions between the keto-enamine moiety and neighbouring phenyl substituent are presented. The steric interactions are induced by placing two alkyl groups at the ortho position in the N-aryl substituent. The impact of the steric effect over the radiative channels of deactivation of the excited state was evaluated through spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations using ab initio techniques. Our results show that the emission occurring after excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is favoured by placing the bulky groups in the ortho position of the N-phenyl ring of the TSAN. However, our TSANs seem to offer the opportunity to obtain a pronounced emission band at higher energy, significantly increasing the coverage of the visible spectrum, resulting in the enhancement of the dual emissive properties of tris(salicylideneanilines). Thus, TSANs may be promising molecules capable of white-like emission for use in organic electronic devices such as white OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Gawrys
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cristina A Barboza
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Voci S, Al-Kutubi H, Rassaei L, Mathwig K, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence reaction pathways in nanofluidic devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4067-4075. [PMID: 32342130 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanofluidic electrochemical devices confine the volume of chemical reactions to femtoliters. When employed for light generation by electrochemiluminescence (ECL), nanofluidic confinement yields enhanced intensity and robust luminescence. Here, we investigate different ECL pathways, namely coreactant and annihilation ECL in a single nanochannel and compare light emission profiles. By high-resolution imaging of electrode areas, we show that different reaction schemes produce very different emission profiles in the unique confined geometry of a nanochannel. The confrontation of experimental results with finite element simulation gives further insight into the exact reaction ECL pathways. We find that emission strongly depends on depletion, geometric exclusion, and recycling of reactants in the nanofluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- Bordeaux INP, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, Site ENSCBP, 16, Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Hanan Al-Kutubi
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Klaus Mathwig
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, Site ENSCBP, 16, Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607, Pessac, France. .,Department of Chemistry, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 454080.
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Mikysek T, Nikolaou P, Kafexholli M, Šimůnek P, Váňa J, Marková A, Vala M, Valenti G. Photophysical and Electrochemiluminescence of Coumarin‐Based Oxazaborines. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mikysek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 CZ-53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Pavlos Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Mirjeta Kafexholli
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 CZ-53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimůnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 CZ-53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Váňa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 CZ-53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Marková
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vala
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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Ishimatsu R, Shintaku H, Kage Y, Kamioka M, Shimizu S, Nakano K, Furuta H, Imato T. Efficient Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Pyrrolopyrrole Aza-BODIPYs in the Near-Infrared Region with Tripropylamine: Involving Formation of S2 and T2 States. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11791-11795. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ishimatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirosato Shintaku
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuto Kage
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Misaki Kamioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Towards Determining Kinetics of Annihilation Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence by Concentration-Dependent Luminescent Intensity. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Valenti G, Rampazzo E, Kesarkar S, Genovese D, Fiorani A, Zanut A, Palomba F, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Prodi L. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from metal complexes-based nanoparticles for highly sensitive sensors applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Danis AS, Potts KP, Perry SC, Mauzeroll J. Combined Spectroelectrochemical and Simulated Insights into the Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Coreactant Mechanism. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7377-7382. [PMID: 29756773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Danis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
| | - Karlie P. Potts
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
| | - Samuel C. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
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Kudruk S, Villani E, Polo F, Lamping S, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Paolucci F, Ravoo BJ, Valenti G, Rizzo F. Solid state electrochemiluminescence from homogeneous and patterned monolayers of bifunctional spirobifluorene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4999-5002. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from self-assembled monolayers of a spirobifluorene dye covalently linked to a transparent ITO surface is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Kudruk
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- National Cancer Institute-CRO Aviano
- 33081 Aviano
- Italy
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM)
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