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Chen L, Quayle K, Smith ZM, Connell TU, Doeven EH, Hayne DJ, Adcock JL, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Pattuwage ML, Adamson NS, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble iridium(III) complexes containing a tetraethylene-glycol functionalised triazolylpyridine ligand. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342470. [PMID: 38637058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridium(III) complexes, exhibiting high luminescence quantum yields and a wide range of emission colours, are promising alternatives to tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) for chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. This emerging class of reagent, however, is limited by the poor solubility of many iridium(III) complexes in aqueous solution, and lack of understanding of their remarkably variable selectivities towards different analytes. RESULTS Seven [Ir(C^N)2(pt-TEG)]+ complexes, exhibiting a wide range of reduction potentials and emission energies, were examined with six model analytes. For CL, cerium(IV) was used as the oxidant. The alkylamine analytes generally produced greater CL and ECL with the more readily oxidised Ir(III) complexes (C^N = piq, bt, ppy), predominantly through the 'direct' pathway requiring oxidation of both metal complex and analyte. Aniline derivatives that did not also contain secondary or tertiary alkylamines elicited CL from the less readily oxidised complexes (C^N = df-ppy-CF3, df-ppy) via energy transfer. The most difficult to oxidise complexes (C^N = df(CF3)-ppy-Me, df(CN)-ppy) gave poor responses due to the limited potential window of the solvent and inefficiency of energy transfer to their high energy excited states. Greater CL and/or ECL intensities were generally obtained for each analyte with at least one Ir(III) complex than with [Ru(bpy)3]2+; superior limits of detection for two analytes were demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE This exploration of CL/ECL in which the properties of luminophore, analyte and oxidant are all varied provides a new understanding of the influence of the metal-complex potentials and excited state energy on the light-producing and quenching pathways, and consequently, their distinct selectivity towards different analytes. These findings will guide the development of water-soluble Ir(III) complexes as CL and ECL reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Kim Quayle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Michael L Pattuwage
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Natasha S Adamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
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Doeven EH, Connell TU, Sinha N, Wenger OS, Francis PS. Electrochemiluminescence of a First-Row d 6 Transition Metal Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319047. [PMID: 38519420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of a 3d6 Cr(0) complex ([Cr(LMes)3]; λem=735 nm) with comparable photophysical properties to those of ECL-active complexes of 4d6 or 5d6 precious metal ions. The electrochemical potentials of [Cr(LMes)3] are more negative than those of [Ir(ppy)3] and render the [Cr(LMes)3]* excited state inaccessible through conventional co-reactant ECL with tri-n-propylamine or oxalate. ECL can be obtained, however, through the annihilation route in which potentials sufficient to oxidise and reduce the luminophore are alternately applied. When combined with [Ir(ppy)3] (λem=520 nm), the annihilation ECL of [Cr(LMes)3] was greatly enhanced whereas that of [Ir(ppy)3] was diminished. Under appropriate conditions, the relative intensities of the two spectrally distinct emissions can be controlled through the applied potentials. From this starting point for ECL with 3d6 metal complexes, we discuss some directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi Kamand, Mandi, 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
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Zhang Y, Yao H, Dong Y. Electrochemiluminescence of an iridium complex doped with SiO 2 nanoparticles to detect 2-adamantanamine based on the host-guest interaction of cucurbit[7]uril. Analyst 2024; 149:1160-1168. [PMID: 38167663 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The poor solubility of iridium complexes severely hampers its application in the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing field. The doping of an iridium complex with silica (SiO2) nanospheres provides feasible solution for this problem. Herein, one kind of water insoluble iridium complex ([Ir(dFppy)2(d(CF3)bpy)](PF6)) was doped with SiO2 nanoparticles to obtain a luminescent nanocomposite (SiO2@Ir) which could generate strong ECL signals to act as a beacon molecule. An "off-on-off" mode ECL sensor was proposed based on the competitive host-guest interactions between 2-adamantanamine (2-ADA), ferrocene (Fc) and cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]). Fc could be used as an inhibitor to decrease the ECL signal, while Q[7] could wrap Fc to recover the ECL signal. Q[7] has a stronger binding ability with 2-ADA than Fc. As a result, 2-ADA could replace Fc from the cavity of Q[7], and the ECL signal was inhibited again. Under the optimal conditions, the ECL intensity varied linearly with 2-ADA concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10-8 to 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10-10 mol L-1. The results not only provided a new avenue for the application of water insoluble iridium complexes in ECL sensing, but also revealed the attractive potential of host-guest interactions in the fabrication of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China.
| | - Haifeng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China.
| | - Yongping Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China.
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4
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Lowe GA. Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1198-1215. [PMID: 37592934 PMCID: PMC10428615 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys advances in the literature that impact organic sacrificial electron donor recycling in artificial photosynthesis. Systems for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction are optimized using sacrificial electron donors. One strategy for coupling carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation to achieve artificial photosynthesis is to use a redox mediator, or recyclable electron donor. This review highlights photo- and electrochemical methods for recycling amines and NADH analogues that can be used as electron donors in artificial photosynthesis. Important properties of sacrificial donors and recycling strategies are also discussed. Compounds from other fields, such as redox flow batteries and decoupled water splitting research, are introduced as alternative recyclable sacrificial electron donors and their oxidation potentials are compared to the redox potentials of some model photosensitizers. The aim of this review is to act as a reference for researchers developing photocatalytic systems with sacrificial electron donors, and for researchers interested in designing new redox mediator and recyclable electron donor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Lowe
- van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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5
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Huang Y, Doeven EH, Chen L, Yao Y, Wang Y, Lin B, Zeng Y, Li L, Qian Z, Guo L. Facial Preparation of Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Nanowires as Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence Luminophores for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040459. [PMID: 37185534 PMCID: PMC10136454 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, highly efficient ECL luminophores composed of iridium complex-based nanowires (Ir-NCDs) were synthesized via covalently linking bis(2-phenylpyridine)-(4-carboxypropyl-2,2'-bipyridyl) iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCDs). The ECL intensity of the nanowires showed a five-fold increase in ECL intensity compared with the iridium complex monomer under the same experimental conditions. A label-free ECL biosensing platform based on Ir-NCDs was established for Salmonella enteritidis (SE) detection. The ECL signal was quenched linearly in the range of 102-108 CFU/mL for SE with a detection limit of 102 CFU/mL. Moreover, the relative standard deviations (RSD) of the stability within and between batches were 0.98% and 3.9%, respectively. In addition, the proposed sensor showed high sensitivity, selectivity and stability towards SE in sheep feces samples with satisfactory results. In summary, the excellent ECL efficiency of Ir-NCDs demonstrates the prospects for Ir(III) complexes in bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yueliang Wang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Bingyong Lin
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yanbo Zeng
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Lei Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zhaosheng Qian
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Longhua Guo
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
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6
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Blom SJ, Connell TU, Doeven EH, Hayne DJ, Kerr E, Henderson LC, Francis PS. Cathodic Co-reactant Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Water-soluble Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing N–Methyl(pyridyl)pyridinium Cyclometalating Ligands. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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7
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Olumba ME, O’Donnell RM, Rohrabaugh TN, Teets TS. Panchromatic Excited-State Absorption in Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Isocyanide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19344-19353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morris E. Olumba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, Texas77204-5003, United States
| | - Ryan M. O’Donnell
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland20783, United States
| | - Thomas N. Rohrabaugh
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland20783, United States
| | - Thomas S. Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, Texas77204-5003, United States
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8
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Strategies for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090750. [PMID: 36140135 PMCID: PMC9496703 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has received considerable attention as a powerful analytical technique for the sensitive and accurate detection of biological analytes owing to its high sensitivity and selectivity and wide dynamic range. To satisfy the growing demand for ultrasensitive analysis techniques with high efficiency and accuracy in complex real sample matrices, considerable efforts have been dedicated to developing ECL strategies to improve the sensitivity of bioanalysis. As one of the most effective approaches, diverse signal amplification strategies have been integrated with ECL biosensors to achieve desirable analytical performance. This review summarizes the recent advances in ECL biosensing based on various signal amplification strategies, including DNA-assisted amplification strategies, efficient ECL luminophores, surface-enhanced electrochemiluminescence, and ratiometric strategies. Sensitivity-enhancing strategies and bio-related applications are discussed in detail. Moreover, the future trends and challenges of ECL biosensors are discussed.
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9
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Tom L, Diluzio S, Hua C, Connell TU. Understanding the role of cyclometalating ligand regiochemistry on the photophysics of charged heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2099272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Tom
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Diluzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carol Hua
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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10
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Bawden JC, Francis PS, DiLuzio S, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Truong J, Alexander R, Henderson LC, Gómez DE, Massi M, Armstrong BI, Draper FA, Bernhard S, Connell TU. Reinterpreting the Fate of Iridium(III) Photocatalysts─Screening a Combinatorial Library to Explore Light-Driven Side-Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11189-11202. [PMID: 35704840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts are primarily selected based on ground and excited state properties, but their activity is also intrinsically tied to the nature of their reduced (or oxidized) intermediates. Catalyst reactivity often necessitates an inherent instability, thus these intermediates represent a mechanistic turning point that affords either product formation or side-reactions. In this work, we explore the scope of a previously demonstrated side-reaction that partially saturates one pyridine ring of the ancillary ligand in heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. Using high-throughput synthesis and screening under photochemical conditions, we identified different chemical pathways, ultimately governed by ligand composition. The ancillary ligand was the key factor that determined photochemical stability. Following photoinitiated electron transfer from a sacrificial tertiary amine, the reduced intermediate of complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives exhibited long-term stability. In contrast, complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridines were highly susceptible to hydrogen atom transfer and ancillary ligand modification. Detailed characterization of selected complexes before and after transformation showed differing effects on the ground and excited state reduction potentials dependent on the nature of the cyclometalating ligands and excited states. The implications of catalyst stability and reactivity in chemical synthesis was demonstrated in a model photoredox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen DiLuzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Richard Alexander
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Blake I Armstrong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Felicity A Draper
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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11
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Kerr E, Hayne DJ, Soulsby LC, Bawden JC, Blom SJ, Doeven EH, Henderson LC, Hogan CF, Francis PS. A redox-mediator pathway for enhanced multi-colour electrochemiluminescence in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:469-477. [PMID: 35126979 PMCID: PMC8729815 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic and most widely used co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and tri-n-propylamine is enhanced by an order of magnitude by fac-[Ir(sppy)3]3- (where sppy = 5'-sulfo-2-phenylpyridinato-C 2,N), through a novel 'redox mediator' pathway. Moreover, the concomitant green emission of [Ir(sppy)3]3-* enables internal standardisation of the co-reactant ECL of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. This can be applied using a digital camera as the photodetector by exploiting the ratio of R and B values of the RGB colour data, providing superior sensitivity and precision for the development of low-cost, portable ECL-based analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Steven J Blom
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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12
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Yang L, Wu T, Du Y, Zhang N, Feng R, Ma H, Wei Q. PEGylation Improved Electrochemiluminescence Supramolecular Assembly of Iridium(III) Complexes in Apoferritin for Immunoassays Using 2D/2D MXene/TiO 2 Hybrids as Signal Amplifiers. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16906-16914. [PMID: 34872250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic self-assembly of iridium complexes in water-soluble nanocontainers is an important bottom-up process for fabricating electrochemiluminescence (ECL) bioprobes. PEGylated apoferritin (PEG-apoHSF) as the host offers a confined space to alter and modify the self-assembly of trans-bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)2(acac)] based on a pH-dependent depolymerization/reassembly pathway, allowing the formation of ECL-active iridium cores in PEG-apoHSF cavities (Ir@PEG-apoHSF). With an improved encapsulation ratio in PEG-apoHSF, the coreactant ECL behavior of the fabricated Ir@PEG-apoHSF nanodots with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) was further demonstrated, exhibiting maximum ECL emission at 530 nm that was theoretically dominated by the band gap transition. The application of Ir@PEG-apoHSF as a bioprobe in a "signal-on" ECL immunosensing system was developed based on electroactive Ti3C2Tx MXenes/TiO2 nanosheet (Ti3C2Tx/TiO2) hybrids. Combining with the efficiently catalyzed electro-oxidation of TPrA and Ir(ppy)2(acac) by Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrids, the developed immunosensor showed dramatically amplified ECL responses toward the target analyte of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Under experimental conditions, linear quantification of NSE from 100 fg/mL to 50 ng/mL was well established by this assay, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 35 fg/mL. The results showcased the capability of PEGylated apoHSF to host and stabilize water-insoluble iridium complexes as ECL emitters for aqueous biosensing and immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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13
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Yang L, Du Y, Fan D, Zhang Y, Kuang X, Sun X, Wei Q. Facile Encapsulation of Iridium(III) Complexes in Apoferritin Nanocages as Promising Electrochemiluminescence Nanodots for Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11329-11336. [PMID: 34342421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A class of water-soluble electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanodots were prepared by encapsulating ECL-active iridium complexes into biocompatible horse spleen apoferritin (apoHSF) nanocages for immunoassays. The preparation feasibility was achieved based on the pH-induced disassembly/reassembly nature originated from apoHSF. Two iridium nanodots (1 and 2) with high ECL efficiency were separately prepared by directing the self-assembly of two water-insoluble luminescent complexes, Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) and Ir(ppy)2(acac) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and acac = acetylacetonate), in the apoHSF cavity. Using tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant, the electrochemistry and "oxidative-reductive" ECL mechanisms for nanodots 1 and 2 were investigated, respectively. After demonstrating the spectroscopic property and relative ECL efficiency, the ECL emission of nanodots 1 and 2 quenched by TPrA• radicals at high potential was further studied and circumvented by optimizing the potential range and TPrA concentration for generating strong and stable ECL emission in aqueous media. The well-inherited biological functions of apoHSF in nanodots allow the convenient external modification of an antibody to act as a signal probe, thus a versatile ECL immunoassay paradigm was established. Acceptable results from this assay enabled the rapid and accurate detection of biomarkers in real samples. The unprecedented use of apoHSF is feasible and applicable for water-insoluble iridium complexes to fabricate a wide variety of biocompatible ECL nanodots for potential bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection of Shandong Province, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection of Shandong Province, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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14
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Adamson NS, Theakstone AG, Soulsby LC, Doeven EH, Kerr E, Hogan CF, Francis PS, Dennany L. Emission from the working and counter electrodes under co-reactant electrochemiluminescence conditions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9770-9777. [PMID: 34349950 PMCID: PMC8293983 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new approach to explore the potential-dependent multi-colour co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from multiple luminophores. The potentials at both the working and counter electrodes, the current between these electrodes, and the emission over cyclic voltammetric scans were simultaneously measured for the ECL reaction of Ir(ppy)3 and either [Ru(bpy)3]2+ or [Ir(df-ppy)2(ptb)]+, with tri-n-propylamine as the co-reactant. The counter electrode potential was monitored by adding a differential electrometer module to the potentiostat. Plotting the data against the applied working electrode potential and against time provided complementary depictions of their relationships. Photographs of the ECL at the surface of the two electrodes were taken to confirm the source of the emissions. This provided a new understanding of these multifaceted ECL systems, including the nature of the counter electrode potential and the possibility of eliciting ECL at this electrode, a mechanism-based rationalisation of the interactions of different metal-complex luminophores, and a previously unknown ECL pathway for the Ir(ppy)3 complex at negative potentials that was observed even in the absence of the co-reactant. Exploration of potential-dependent, multi-colour co-reactant electrochemiluminescence from multiple luminophores at the working and counter electrodes reveals new pathways to emission.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Adamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Ashton G Theakstone
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia .,Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD UK
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15
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D'Alton L, Nguyen P, Carrara S, Hogan CF. Intense near-infrared electrochemiluminescence facilitated by energy transfer in bimetallic Ir-Ru metallopolymers. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Newman B, Chen L, Henderson LC, Doeven EH, Francis PS, Hayne DJ. Water-Soluble Iridium(III) Complexes Containing Tetraethylene-Glycol-Derivatized Bipyridine Ligands for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection. Front Chem 2020; 8:583631. [PMID: 33195075 PMCID: PMC7593781 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.583631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes containing a 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) ligand with one or two tetraethylene glycol (TEG) groups attached in the 4 or 4,4′ positions were synthesized to create new water-soluble electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores bearing a convenient point of attachment for the development of ECL-labels. The novel TEG-derivatized bipyridines were incorporated into [Ir(C∧N)2(R-bpy-R′)]Cl complexes, where C∧N = 2-phenylpyridine anion (ppy) or 2-phenylbenzo[d]thiazole anion (bt), through reaction with commercially available ([Ir(C∧N)2(μ-Cl)]2 dimers. The novel [Ir(C∧N)2(Me-bpy-TEG)]Cl and [Ir(C∧N)2(TEG-bpy-TEG)]Cl complexes in aqueous solution largely retained the redox potentials and emission spectra of the parent [Ir(C∧N)2(Me-bpy-Me)]PF6 (where Me-bpy-Me = 4,4′methyl-2,2′-bipyridine) luminophores in acetonitrile, and exhibited ECL intensities similar to those of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the analogous [Ir(C∧N)2(pt-TEG]Cl complexes (where pt-TEG = 1-(TEG)-4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole). These complexes can be readily adapted for bioconjugation and considering the spectral distributions of [Ir(ppy)2(Me-bpy-TEG)]+ and [Ir(ppy)2(pt-TEG)]+, show a viable strategy to create ECL-labels with different emission colors from the same commercial [Ir(ppy)2(μ-Cl)]2 precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Newman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Center for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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17
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Longhi E, Fernandez-Hernandez JM, Iordache A, Fröhlich R, Josel HP, De Cola L. Ir(III) Cyclometalated Complexes Containing Phenylphenanthridine Ligands with Different Substitutions: Effects on the Electrochemiluminescence Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7435-7443. [PMID: 32428400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Longhi
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S.), Université de Strasbourg; de Strasbourg, 8 allée
Gas-pard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jesus M. Fernandez-Hernandez
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S.), Université de Strasbourg; de Strasbourg, 8 allée
Gas-pard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Luisa De Cola
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S.), Université de Strasbourg; de Strasbourg, 8 allée
Gas-pard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Soulsby LC, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Pham TT, Connell TU, Driscoll AJ, Henderson LC, Francis PS. Co‐Reactant and Annihilation Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of [Ir(df‐ppy)
2
(ptb)]
+
Derivatives. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P.R. China
| | - Tien T. Pham
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: RMIT University Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Driscoll
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
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19
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Chen L, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Henderson LC, Connell TU, Nai YH, Alexander R, Carrara S, Hogan CF, Donnelly PS, Francis PS. A conceptual framework for the development of iridium(iii) complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence labels. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8654-8667. [PMID: 31803440 PMCID: PMC6849491 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation of the highly promising electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) properties of Ir(iii) complexes (with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a co-reactant) into a new generation of ECL labels for ligand binding assays necessitates the introduction of functionality suitable for bioconjugation. Modification of the ligands, however, can affect not only the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the complex, but also the reaction pathways available to generate light. Through a combined theoretical and experimental study, we reveal the limitations of conventional approaches to the design of electrochemiluminophores and introduce a new class of ECL label, [Ir(C^N)2(pt-TOxT-Sq)]+ (where C^N is a range of possible cyclometalating ligands, and pt-TOxT-Sq is a pyridyltriazole ligand with trioxatridecane chain and squarate amide ethyl ester), which outperformed commercial Ir(iii) complex labels in two commonly used assay formats. Predicted limits on the redox potentials and emission wavelengths of Ir(iii) complexes capable of generating ECL via the dominant pathway applicable in microbead supported ECL assays were experimentally verified by measuring the ECL intensities of the parent luminophores at different applied potentials, and comparing the ECL responses for the corresponding labels under assay conditions. This study provides a framework to tailor ECL labels for specific assay conditions and a fundamental understanding of the ECL pathways that will underpin exploration of new luminophores and co-reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - David J Hayne
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Yi Heng Nai
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Richard Alexander
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
| | - Serena Carrara
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences (LIMS) , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Deakin University , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) , Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia . ;
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20
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Connell TU, Fraser CL, Czyz ML, Smith ZM, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Adcock JL, Scully AD, Gómez DE, Barnett NW, Polyzos A, Francis PS. The Tandem Photoredox Catalysis Mechanism of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+ Enabling Access to Energy Demanding Organic Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17646-17658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine L. Fraser
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Milena L. Czyz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zoe M. Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | | | - Daniel E. Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Neil W. Barnett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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21
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Grzelak I, Orwat B, Kownacki I, Hoffmann M. Quantum-chemical studies of homoleptic iridium(III) complexes in OLEDs: fac versus mer isomers. J Mol Model 2019; 25:154. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Connell TU, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Donnelly PS, White JM, Francis PS. Mixed annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence of iridium(iii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18995-19006. [PMID: 29971279 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported annihilation ECL of mixtures of metal complexes have generally comprised Ir(ppy)3 or a close analogue as a higher energy donor/emitter (green/blue light) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ or its derivative as a lower energy acceptor/emitter (red light). In contrast, here we examine Ir(ppy)3 as the lower energy acceptor/emitter, by combining it with a second Ir(iii) complex: [Ir(df-ppy)2(ptb)]+ (where ptb = 1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylpyridine). The application of potentials sufficient to attain the first single-electron oxidation and reduction products can be exploited to detect Ir(ppy)3 at orders of magnitude lower concentration, or enhance its maximum emission intensity at high concentration far beyond that achievable through conventional annihilation ECL of Ir(ppy)3 involving comproportionation. Moreover, under certain conditions, the colour of the emission can be selected through the applied electrochemical potentials. We have also prepared a novel Ir(iii) complex with a sufficiently low reduction potential that the reaction between its reduced form and Ir(ppy)3+ cannot populate the excited state of either luminophore. This enabled, for the first time, the exclusive formation of either excited state through the application of higher cathodic or anodic potentials, but in both cases, the ECL was greatly diminished by parasitic dark reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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23
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Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Francis PS. Electrochemically, Spectrally, and Spatially Resolved Annihilation‐Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Mixed‐Metal Complexes at Working and Counter Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Emily Kerr
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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24
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Kudruk S, Villani E, Polo F, Lamping S, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Paolucci F, Ravoo BJ, Valenti G, Rizzo F. Solid state electrochemiluminescence from homogeneous and patterned monolayers of bifunctional spirobifluorene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4999-5002. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from self-assembled monolayers of a spirobifluorene dye covalently linked to a transparent ITO surface is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Kudruk
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- National Cancer Institute-CRO Aviano
- 33081 Aviano
- Italy
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM)
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25
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Ishimatsu R, Shintaku H, Adachi C, Nakano K, Imato T. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of a BODIPY Derivative with Extended Conjugation. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ishimatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Projectc/oOPERA
| | - Hirosato Shintaku
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Organic Photonics Electronics Research (OPERA) Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Projectc/oOPERA
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Projectc/oOPERA
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