Promotion of Oxygen Reduction with Both Amorphous and Crystalline MnO x through the Surface Engineering of La0.8 Sr0.2 MnO3-δ Perovskite

Enhanced electron transfer for activation of peroxymonosulfate via MoS2 modified iron-based perovskite

The increasing use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which are found in various environmental media, is a constant threat to ecological safety and human health. In this paper, SrFeO3@MoS2 heterogeneous catalyst was prepared to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of levofloxacin (LVO). The characteristics of SrFeO3@MoS2 samples were studied and the optimum conditions for the removal of LVO by SrFeO3@MoS2/PMS system were investigated. The removal of LVO by the SrFeO3@MoS2-0.3/PMS system could reach 96.06% within 20 min of reaction. The effect of inorganic anions (SO42-, Cl-, NO3- and H2PO4-) commonly found in actual water bodies on catalytic reaction was explored. The reusability investigation revealed that the catalyst could still remove 88.06% of LVO within 20 min after four cycles. Moreover, SO4•-, •OH and 1O2 were identified by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) tests and scavenger experiments, where the SO4•- and •OH were dominant reactive species. Combining with the XPS characterisation, the activation mechanism of SrFeO3@MoS2-0.3/PMS was proposed, and the oxygen vacancies and transition metals on the sample surface were active sites of PMS activation. Furthermore, the possible degradation pathways of LVO were well-established based on the detected intermediates.

Significance of Engineering the MnO6 Octahedral Units to Promote the Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Perovskite Oxides

The electronic structure and geometric configuration of catalysts play a crucial role to design novel perovskite-type catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nowadays, many studies are more concerned with the influence of electronic structure and ignore the geometric effect, which plays a nonnegligible role in enhancing catalytic performances. Herein, this work regulates the MnO6 octahedral tilting degree of LaMnO3 by modulating the concentration of Y3+ , excluding the electronic effect from the valence state of manganese. Plotting the MnO6 octahedral tilting degree as a function of concentration of Y3+ produces a volcano-shaped plot. The octahedral tilting can reduce the Mn-O covalency, generating more highly active Mn3+ and oxygen vacancies during ORR process. The specific activity has a positive correlation with octahedral tilting degree. Meanwhile, the octahedral tilting stabilizes Mn-O interactions during ORR process and promote stability. Based on experimental results and DFT calculations, octahedral tilting alters the rate-determining step (RDS) and decrease the energy barrier. Subsequent extended experiment confirms that octahedral tilting is the key factor to affect the catalytic performances.

Research Progress of Perovskite-Based Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst in Alkaline Conditions

In light of the depletion of conventional energy sources, it is imperative to conduct research and development on sustainable alternative energy sources. Currently, electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries rely heavily on precious metal catalysts like Pt/C and IrO2, which hinders their sustainable commercial development. Therefore, researchers have devoted significant attention to non-precious metal-based catalysts that exhibit high efficiency, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Among them, perovskite oxides possess low-cost and abundant reserves, as well as flexible oxidation valence states and a multi-defect surface. Due to their advantageous structural characteristics and easily adjustable physicochemical properties, extensive research has been conducted on perovskite-based oxides. However, these materials also exhibit drawbacks such as poor intrinsic activity, limited specific surface area, and relatively low apparent catalytic activity compared to precious metal catalysts. To address these limitations, current research is focused on enhancing the physicochemical properties of perovskite-based oxides. The catalytic activity and stability of perovskite-based oxides in Oxygen Reduction Reaction/Oxygen Evolution Reaction (ORR/OER) can be enhanced using crystallographic structure tuning, cationic regulation, anionic regulation, and nano-processing. Furthermore, extensive research has been conducted on the composite processing of perovskite oxides with other materials, which has demonstrated enhanced catalytic performance. Based on these different ORR/OER modification strategies, the future challenges of perovskite-based bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts are discussed alongside their development prospects.

High-Entropy Perovskites for Energy Conversion and Storage: Design, Synthesis, and Potential Applications

Perovskites have shown tremendous promise as functional materials for several energy conversion and storage technologies, including rechargeable batteries, (electro)catalysts, fuel cells, and solar cells. Due to their excellent operational stability and performance, high-entropy perovskites (HEPs) have emerged as a new type of perovskite framework. Herein, this work reviews the recent progress in the development of HEPs, including synthesis methods and applications. Effective strategies for the design of HEPs through atomistic computations are also surveyed. Finally, an outlook of this field provides guidance for the development of new and improved HEPs.

Toward Superb Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalysts: Engineering of Coupled Nanocomposites

A significant issue that bedeviled the commercialization of renewable energy technologies, ranging from low-temperature water electrolyzers to high-temperature solid oxide cells, is the lack of high-performance catalysts. Among various candidates that could tackle such a challenge, perovskite oxides are rising-star materials because of their unique structural and compositional flexibility. However, single-phase perovskite oxides are challenging to satisfy all the requirements of electrocatalysts concurrently for practical applications, such as high catalytic activity, excellent stability, good ionic and electronic conductivities, and superior chemical/thermo-mechanical robustness. Impressively, perovskite oxides with coupled nanocomposites are emerging as a novel form offering multifunctionality due to their intrinsic features, including infinite interfaces with solid interaction, tunable compositions, flexible configurations, and maximum synergistic effects between assorted components. Considering this new configuration has attracted great attention owing to its promising performances in various energy-related applications, this review timely summarizes the leading-edge development of perovskite oxide-based coupled nanocomposites. Their state-of-art synthetic strategies are surveyed and highlighted, their unique structural advantages are highlighted and illustrated through the typical oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reactions in both high and low-temperature applications. Opinions on the current critical scientific issues and opportunities in this burgeoning research field are all provided.

Bifunctional LaMn0.3Co0.7O3 Perovskite Oxide Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions: The Optimized eg Electronic Structures by Manganese Dopant

Perovskite oxides as bifunctional electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) have been investigated for decades because of the flexible and adjustable electronic structures. For example, by optimizing the strength of the Co-O bond, the ORR and OER activity of a typical perovskite oxide, LaCoO₃, can be improved, but they are still unsatisfying. The insufficient insights into the effects of secondary metal dopants at the B-site on the electronic structure and activity, especially for ORR, significantly limit the R&D of bifunctional perovskite oxide catalysts. In this work, a series of LaMn_xCo_1-xO₃ (x = 0, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.5, 1) catalysts are prepared by a polyol-assisted solvothermal method to investigate the structure-property relationships between the B-site metal substitution and the electrochemical performance of perovskite oxides catalysts. The optimized LaMn_0.3Co_0.7O₃ catalyst demonstrates an enhanced half-wave potential of 0.72 V for ORR, 52 mV higher than that of the pristine LaCoO₃ (0.668 V). Meanwhile, the OER overpotential of LaMn_0.3Co_0.7O₃ catalyst is 416 mV, which is reduced by 64 mV compared to LaCoO₃ (480 mV). It is revealed that the appropriate Mn dopant efficiently optimizes the covalency of Co-O bonds and significantly reduces the e_g orbit-filling electron from 1.23 of pristine LaCoO₃ to 1.02 in LaMn_0.3Co_0.7O₃ (very close to theoretical value 1). This work paves a new way to design and synthesize bifunctional perovskite oxide electrocatalyst for ORR and OER.

Amorphous Oxide Nanostructures for Advanced Electrocatalysis

Amorphous oxides have attracted special attention as advanced electrocatalysts owing to their unique local structural flexibility and attractive electrocatalytic properties. With abundant randomly oriented bonds and surface-exposed defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies) as active catalytic sites, the adsorption/desorption of reactants can be optimized, leading to superior catalytic activities. Amorphous oxide materials have found wide electrocatalytic applications ranging from hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution to oxygen reduction, CO₂ electroreduction and nitrogen electroreduction. The amorphous oxide electrocatalysts even outperform their crystalline counterparts in terms of electrocatalytic activity and stability. Despite of the merits and achievements for amorphous oxide electrocatalysts, there are still issues and challenges existing for amorphous oxide electrocatalysts. There are rarely reviews specifically focusing on amorphous oxide electrocatalysts and therefore it is imperative to have a comprehensive overview of the research progress and to better understand the achievements and issues with amorphous oxide electrocatalysts. In this minireview, several general preparation methods for amorphous oxides are first introduced. Then, the achievements in amorphous oxides for several important electrocatalytic reactions are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the development of amorphous oxide electrocatalysts are outlined.

Enhanced Bifunctional Catalytic Activity of Manganese Oxide/Perovskite Hierarchical Core-Shell Materials by Adjusting the Interface for Metal-Air Batteries

LaMnO₃ perovskite is one of the most promising catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in metal-air batteries and can be compared to Pt/C. However, the low catalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits its practical application in rechargeable metal-air batteries. In this work, the MnO₂/La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ hierarchical core-shell composite materials with a special interface structure have been designed via the selective dissolution method. The core of La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ particles is wrapped by the porous and loose MnO₂ nanoparticles. The as-prepared MnO₂/La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ materials have excellent catalytic activity toward ORR/OER and are used as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries. Based on results of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, valence-band spectroscopy, and O₂ temperature-programmed desorption analysis, we conclude that the bifunctional catalytic activity of the MnO₂/La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ materials can be effectively promoted due to the specific interface structure between the La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ core and the MnO₂ shell. This can be attributed to three aspects: (a) the electronic conductivity, which is beneficial for providing the faster charge-transfer paths and kinetics at the oxide/solution interface than that of the MnO₂ sample; (b) the enhancement of oxygen adsorption capacity due to surface defects (oxygen vacancies) and chemical adsorption, which is helpful to improve the reaction kinetics during the process of oxygen catalysis; and (c) the tuning of oxygen adsorption ability via the moderate Mn-O bond strength, which may be conducive to getting for obtain an enhanced Mn-O bond strength on the surfaces for ORR and a weakened Mn-O bond in the lattice for OER.

A highly sensitive perovskite oxide sensor for detection of p-phenylenediamine in hair dyes

Effective regulation of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a widely used precursor of hair dye that is harmful to human health in large concentration, relies upon an accurate yet simple detection of PPD. In this context, amperometric electrode sensor based on perovskite oxide becomes attractive given its portability, low cost, high sensitivity, and rapid processing time. This work reports the systematic characterization of a series of Sr-doped PrCoO_3-δ perovskite oxides with composition of Pr_1-xSr_xCoO_3-δ(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) for PPD detection in an alkaline solution. PSC82 deposited onto glassy carbon electrode (PSC82/GCE) generates the highest redox currents which correlates with the highest hydrogen peroxide intermediates (HO₂^-) yield and the σ*-orbital (e_g) filling of Co that is closest to unity for PSC82. PSC82/GCE provides the highest sensitivities of 655 and 308 μA mM^-1 cm^-2 in PPD concentration range of 0.5-2,900 and 2,900-10,400 μM, respectively, with a limit of detection of 0.17 μM. PSC82/GCE additionally demonstrates high selectivity to PPD and long term stability during 50 consecutive cyclic voltammetry scans and over 1-month storage period. The potential applicability of PSC82/GCE was also demonstrated by confirming the presence of very low concentration of PPD of below 0.5% in real hair dyes.

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Electrolyte on Glassy-Carbon-Supported Nanostructured Pr6O11 Thin-Films

In this work, hierarchical nanostructured Pr6O11 thin-films of brain-like morphology were successfully prepared by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) on glassy-carbon substrates. These surfaces were used as working electrodes in the rotating disk electrode (RDE) setup and characterized in alkaline electrolyte (0.1 M NaOH at 25 ± 2 °C) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for their potential application in alkaline electrolyzers or in alkaline fuel cells. The electrochemical performances of these electrodes were investigated as a function of their crystallized state (amorphous versus crystalline). Although none of the materials display spectacular HER and OER activity, the results show interesting performances of the crystallized sample towards the ORR with regards to this class of non-Pt group metal (non-PGM) electrocatalysts, the activity being, however, still far from a benchmark Pt/C electrocatalyst.