1
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Juvanen S, Sarapuu A, Mooste M, Käärik M, Mäeorg U, Kikas A, Kisand V, Kozlova J, Treshchalov A, Aruväli J, Leis J, Tamm A, Tammeveski K. Electroreduction of oxygen on iron- and cobalt-containing nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts prepared from the rapeseed press cake. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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2
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Cobalt-Containing Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials Derived from Saccharides as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of non-precious metal electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the commercialisation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. In this work, cobalt-containing nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials were prepared by a pyrolysis of mixtures of saccharides, cobalt nitrate and dicyandiamide, which acts as a precursor for reactive carbon nitride template and a nitrogen source. The rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments in 0.1 M KOH solution showed that the glucose-derived material with optimised cobalt content had excellent ORR activity, which was comparable to that of 20 wt % Pt/C catalyst. In addition, the catalyst exhibited high tolerance to methanol, good stability in short-time potential cycling test and low peroxide yield. The materials derived from xylan, xylose and cyclodextrin displayed similar activities, indicating that various saccharides can be used as inexpensive and sustainable precursors to synthesise active catalyst materials for anion exchange membrane fuel cells.
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3
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Davia FG, Fernández CC, Williams FJ, Calvo EJ. Effect of porosity and active area on the assessment of catalytic activity of non-precious metal electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:324001. [PMID: 34015768 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method to study porous thin-films deposited onto rotating disc electrodes (RDE) applied to non-platinum group electrocatalyst obtained by pyrolysis of iron phthalocyanine and carbon, FePc/C. The electroactive area and porous properties of the thin film electrodes were obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under the framework of de Levie impedance model. The electrocatalytic activity of different electrodes was correlated to the total electroactive area (Ap) and the penetration ratio parameter through the film under ac current. The cylindrical pore model was extended to the RDE boundary conditions and derived in a Koutecky-Levich type expression that allowed to separate the effect of the electroactive area and structural properties. The resulting specific electrocatalytic activity of FePc/C heat treated at different temperatures was correlated to FePc surface concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gabriel Davia
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía INQUIMAE, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Carolina Fernández
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía INQUIMAE, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico José Williams
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía INQUIMAE, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ernesto Julio Calvo
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía INQUIMAE, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Iron‐Containing Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanomaterials Prepared via NaCl Template as Efficient Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Liu W, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Chen C, Ni P, Wang B, Lu Y. Iron‐Nitrogen Co‐doped Carbon with a Tunable Composition as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Resources and Materials Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Chuanxia Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Pengjuan Ni
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
| | - Yizhong Lu
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China
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6
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Kisand K, Sarapuu A, Kikas A, Kisand V, Rähn M, Treshchalov A, Käärik M, Piirsoo HM, Aruväli J, Paiste P, Leis J, Sammelselg V, Tamm A, Tammeveski K. Bifunctional multi-metallic nitrogen-doped nanocarbon catalysts derived from 5-methylresorcinol. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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7
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Lilloja J, Kibena-Põldsepp E, Sarapuu A, Douglin JC, Käärik M, Kozlova J, Paiste P, Kikas A, Aruväli J, Leis J, Sammelselg V, Dekel DR, Tammeveski K. Transition-Metal- and Nitrogen-Doped Carbide-Derived Carbon/Carbon Nanotube Composites as Cathode Catalysts for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS Catal 2021; 11:1920-1931. [PMID: 35028188 PMCID: PMC8744415 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal- and nitrogen-codoped carbide-derived carbon/carbon nanotube composites (M-N-CDC/CNT) have been prepared, characterized, and used as cathode catalysts in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). As transition metals, cobalt, iron, and a combination of both have been investigated. Metal and nitrogen are doped through a simple high-temperature pyrolysis technique with 1,10-phenanthroline as the N precursor. The physicochemical characterization shows the success of metal and nitrogen doping as well as very similar morphologies and textural properties of all three composite materials. The initial assessment of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, employing the rotating ring-disk electrode method, indicates that the M-N-CDC/CNT catalysts exhibit a very good electrocatalytic performance in alkaline media. We find that the formation of HO2 - species in the ORR catalysts depends on the specific metal composition (Co, Fe, or CoFe). All three materials show excellent stability with a negligible decline in their performance after 10000 consecutive potential cycles. The very good performance of the M-N-CDC/CNT catalyst materials is attributed to the presence of M-N x and pyridinic-N moieties as well as both micro- and mesoporous structures. Finally, the catalysts exhibit excellent performance in in situ tests in H2/O2 AEMFCs, with the CoFe-N-CDC/CNT reaching a current density close to 500 mA cm-2 at 0.75 V and a peak power density (P max) exceeding 1 W cm-2. Additional tests show that P max reaches 0.8 W cm-2 in an H2/CO2-free air system and that the CoFe-N-CDC/CNT material exhibits good stability under both AEMFC operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Lilloja
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elo Kibena-Põldsepp
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ave Sarapuu
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - John C. Douglin
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Maike Käärik
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jekaterina Kozlova
- Institute
of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Päärn Paiste
- School
of Engineering, Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
- Institute
of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University
of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvo Kikas
- Institute
of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Aruväli
- Institute
of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University
of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Leis
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Väino Sammelselg
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute
of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
- The Nancy
& Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kaido Tammeveski
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Kisand K, Sarapuu A, Danilian D, Kikas A, Kisand V, Rähn M, Treshchalov A, Käärik M, Merisalu M, Paiste P, Aruväli J, Leis J, Sammelselg V, Holdcroft S, Tammeveski K. Transition metal-containing nitrogen-doped nanocarbon catalysts derived from 5-methylresorcinol for anion exchange membrane fuel cell application. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 584:263-274. [PMID: 33069025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly active electrocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis from 5-methylresorcinol, Co and/or Fe salts and dicyandiamide, which acts simultaneously as a precursor for reactive carbonitride template and a nitrogen source. The electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts for ORR in alkaline solution was studied using the rotating disc electrode (RDE) method. The bimetallic catalyst containing iron and cobalt (FeCoNC-at) showed excellent stability and remarkable ORR performance, comparable to that of commercial Pt/C (20 wt%). The superior activity was attributed to high surface metal and nitrogen contents. The FeCoNC-at catalyst was further tested in anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) with poly-(hexamethyl-p-terphenylbenzimidazolium) (HMT-PMBI) membrane, where a high value of peak power density (Pmax = 415 mW cm-2) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarel Kisand
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ave Sarapuu
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dmytro Danilian
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvo Kikas
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vambola Kisand
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Rähn
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexey Treshchalov
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maike Käärik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maido Merisalu
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Päärn Paiste
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; School of Engineering, Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaan Aruväli
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Leis
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Väino Sammelselg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kaido Tammeveski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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9
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Yuan Y, Li R, Thomas T, Chen J, Yang M. Flower‐like FeS Coated with Heteroatom (S,N)‐Doped Carbon as Highly Active and Durable Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Solid State Functional Materials Research LaboratoryNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences 1219 Zhongguan West Road Ningbo 315201 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Tiju Thomas
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Madras Adyar Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jian Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Solid State Functional Materials Research LaboratoryNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences 1219 Zhongguan West Road Ningbo 315201 P. R. China
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10
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Electroreduction of oxygen on cobalt phthalocyanine-modified carbide-derived carbon/carbon nanotube composite catalysts. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Pang Y, Mo Z, Wang H, Linkov V, Wang X, Wang R. A post-synthesis surface reconstructed carbon aerogel as an enhanced oxygen reduction reaction catalyst for zinc–air batteries. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
After calcination and erosion, aerogel carbon materials have been subjected to surface reconstruction under the action of carbon fixation by iron at high temperature, resulting the change of specific surface area and ratio of surface species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Pang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Zaiyong Mo
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- Yulin 537000
- PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Vladimir Linkov
- South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry
- University of the Western Cape
- Cape Town
- South Africa
| | - Xuyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Rongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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12
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Shi M, Ma J, Yao Z, Li Z, Mi H, Xie Y. Iron and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon derived from soybean dregs with enhanced catalytic performance for oxygen reduction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Praats R, Kruusenberg I, Käärik M, Joost U, Aruväli J, Paiste P, Saar R, Rauwel P, Kook M, Leis J, Zagal JH, Tammeveski K. Electroreduction of oxygen in alkaline solution on iron phthalocyanine modified carbide-derived carbons. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Canuto de Almeida e Silva T, Mooste M, Kibena-Põldsepp E, Matisen L, Merisalu M, Kook M, Sammelselg V, Tammeveski K, Wilhelm M, Rezwan K. Polymer-derived Co/Ni–SiOC(N) ceramic electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the oxygen reduction reaction on transition metal and nitrogen doped SiOC-based electrocatalysts is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Mooste
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | | | | | - Maido Merisalu
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
- Institute of Physics
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Väino Sammelselg
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
- Institute of Physics
| | | | | | - Kurosch Rezwan
- University of Bremen, Advanced Ceramics
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
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15
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Hu Y, Yang R, Chen H, Han S, Wang J, Wang X, Deng X, He CH, He Q, Jiang Z, Gu M. One-Pot Synthesis of a Highly Active 3-Dimensional Fe−N x
−CNTs/rGO Composite Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ruoou Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Hengquan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Shaobo Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Southern University of Science and Technology; No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Junhu Wang
- Mössbauer Effect Data Center Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian; 116023 Liaoning China
| | - Xiaojiang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Xin Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Chao-Hong He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Southern University of Science and Technology; No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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