1
|
Gazzola G, Antonello A, Isse AA, Fantin M. Simple Iron Halides Enable Electrochemically Mediated ATRP in Nonpolar Media. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1602-1607. [PMID: 37955645 PMCID: PMC10734308 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was successfully carried out with a minimal amount (ppm-level) of FeBr3 catalyst in a nonpolar solvent, specifically anisole. Traditionally, nonpolar media have been advantageous for Fe-based ATRP, but their low conductivity has hindered any electrochemical application. This study introduces the application of electrocatalytic methods in a highly nonpolar polymerization medium. Precise control over the polymerization was obtained by employing anhydrous anisole with only 400 ppm of FeBr3 and applying a negative overpotential of 0.3 V. Additionally, employing an undivided cell setup with two simple iron wire electrodes resulted in a significant 15-fold reduction in electrical resistance compared to traditional divided cell setups. This enabled the production of polymers with a dispersity of ≤1.2. Lastly, an examination of kinetic and thermodynamic aspects indicated that the ppm-level catalysis was facilitated by the high ATRP equilibrium constant of Fe catalysts in nonpolar environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Bon F, Lorandi F, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC, Matyjaszewski K, Isse AA. Dual electrochemical and chemical control in atom transfer radical polymerization with copper electrodes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6008-6018. [PMID: 35685801 PMCID: PMC9132085 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), Cu0 acts as a supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA ATRP) by activating alkyl halides and (re)generating the CuI activator through a comproportionation reaction, respectively. Cu0 is also an unexplored, exciting metal that can act as a cathode in electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP). Contrary to conventional inert electrodes, a Cu cathode can trigger a dual catalyst regeneration, simultaneously driven by electrochemistry and comproportionation, if a free ligand is present in solution. The dual regeneration explored herein allowed for introducing the concept of pulsed galvanostatic electrolysis (PGE) in eATRP. During a PGE, the process alternates between a period of constant current electrolysis and a period with no applied current in which polymerization continues via SARA ATRP. The introduction of no electrolysis periods without compromising the overall polymerization rate and control is very attractive, if large current densities are needed. Moreover, it permits a drastic charge saving, which is of unique value for a future scale-up, as electrochemistry coupled to SARA ATRP saves energy, and shortens the equipment usage. The use of a Cu cathode in eATRP allows exploiting the synergistic effect between electrochemical and chemical stimuli to halt or accelerate polymerizations, reduce energy consumption and achieve control in challenging systems.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 I-35131 Padova Italy .,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Armenio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 I-35131 Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) of styrene was studied in detail by using CuBr2/TPMA (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) as a catalyst. Redox properties of various Cu(II) species were investigated in CH3CN, dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) both in the absence and presence of 50% (v/v) styrene. This investigation together with preliminary eATRP experiments at 80 °C indicated DMF as the best solvent. The effects of catalyst, monomer, and initiator concentrations were also examined. The livingness of the polymerization was studied by chain extension and electrochemical temporal control of polymerization.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zaborniak I, Macior A, Chmielarz P, Smenda J, Wolski K. Hydrophobic modification of fir wood surface via low ppm ATRP strategy. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
5
|
Isse AA, Gennaro A. Electrochemistry for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2203-2222. [PMID: 33750023 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is the most powerful and most employed technology of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) to produce polymers with well-defined architecture, that is, composition, topology, and functionality. Several hundreds of papers are published every year on ATRP processes, mainly based on empiric experimental procedures. Electrochemistry powerfully entered in the field of ATRP about 10 years ago, providing important contributions both to the further development of the process and to a better understanding of its mechanism. Five main issues took advantage of electrochemistry and/or its synergism with ATRP: i) understanding the mechanism of ATRP activation; ii) determination of thermodynamic parameters; iii) determination of activation and deactivation rate constants; iv) the SARA ATRP vs SET-LRP dispute: the role of Cu0 ; v) electrochemically-mediated ATRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Bon F, Abreu CMR, Serra AC, Gennaro A, Coelho JFJ, Isse AA. Catalytic Halogen Exchange in Supplementary Activator and Reducing Agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for the Synthesis of Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000532. [PMID: 33289265 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of block copolymers (BCPs) by catalytic halogen exchange (cHE) is reported, using supplemental activator and reducing agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (SARA ATRP). The cHE mechanism is based on the use of a small amount of a copper catalyst in the presence of a suitable excess of halide ions, for the synthesis of block copolymers from macroinitiators with monomers of mismatching reactivity. cHE overcomes the problem of inefficient initiation in block copolymerizations in which the second monomer provides dormant species that are more reactive than the initiator. Model macroinitiators with low dispersity are prepared and extended to afford well-defined block copolymers of various compositions. Combined cHE/SARA ATRP is therefore a simple and potent polymerization tool for the copolymerization of a wide range of monomers allowing the production of tailored block copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Carlos M R Abreu
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Arménio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin J, Guo J, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Kinetic features of
iron‐based
electrochemically mediated
ATRP
revealed by Monte Carlo simulation. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Jun‐Kang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zaborniak I, Macior A, Chmielarz P. Stimuli-Responsive Rifampicin-Based Macromolecules. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3843. [PMID: 32878162 PMCID: PMC7503961 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the modification of the antibiotic rifampicin by an anionic polyelectrolyte using a simplified electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) technique to receive stimuli-responsive polymer materials. Initially, a supramolecular ATRP initiator was prepared by an esterification reaction of rifampicin hydroxyl groups with α-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BriBBr). The structure of the initiator was successfully proved by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The prepared rifampicin-based macroinitiator was electrochemically investigated among various ATRP catalytic complexes, by a series of cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, determining the rate constants of electrochemical catalytic (EC') process. Macromolecules with rifampicin core and hydrophobic poly (n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) and poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) side chains were synthesized in a controlled manner, receiving polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.29 and 1.58, respectively). "Smart" polymer materials sensitive to pH changes were provided by transformation of tBA into acrylic acid (AA) moieties in a facile route by acidic hydrolysis. The pH-dependent behavior of prepared macromolecules was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) determining a hydrodynamic radius of polymers upon pH changes, followed by a control release of quercetin as a model active substance upon pH changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zaborniak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Angelika Macior
- School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zaborniak I, Chmielarz P. Miniemulsion switchable electrolysis under constant current conditions. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zaborniak
- Department of Physical Chemistry Rzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry Rzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Matyjaszewski K. Catalytic Halogen Exchange in Miniemulsion ARGET ATRP: A Pathway to Well-Controlled Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000264. [PMID: 32529731 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Halogen exchange in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an efficient way to chain-extend from a less active macroinitiator (MI) to a more active monomer. This has been previously achieved by using CuCl/L in the equimolar amount to Pn -Br MI in the chain extension step. However, this approach cannot be effectively applied in systems based on regeneration of activators (ARGET ATRP), since they operate with ppm amounts of catalysts. Herein, a catalytic halogen exchange procedure is reported using a catalytic amount of Cu in miniemulsion ARGET ATRP to chain-extend from a less active poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) MI to a more active methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer. Influence of different reagents on the initiation efficiency and dispersity is studied. Addition of 0.1 m NaCl or tetraethylammonium chloride to ATRP of MMA initiated by methyl 2-bromopropionate leads to high initiation efficiency and polymers with low dispersity. The optimized conditions are then employed in chain extension of PBA MI with MMA to prepare diblock and triblock copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zaborniak I, Surmacz K, Flejszar M, Chmielarz P. Triple‐functional riboflavin‐based molecule for efficient atom transfer radical polymerization in miniemulsion media. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zaborniak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryRzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Karolina Surmacz
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical SciencesRzeszów University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Monika Flejszar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryRzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryRzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Bon F, Marenzi S, Isse AA, Durante C, Gennaro A. Electrochemically Mediated Aqueous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of
N
,
N
‐Dimethylacrylamide. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering University of Coimbra Rua Silvio Lima, Polo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Marenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Christian Durante
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Bon F, Ribeiro DCM, Abreu CMR, Rebelo RAC, Isse AA, Serra AC, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K, Coelho JFJ. Under pressure: electrochemically-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl chloride. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) of vinyl chloride (VC), a less activated monomer, was successfully achieved. It is the first report on eATRP of a gaseous monomer under pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Diana C. M. Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Carlos M. R. Abreu
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Rafael A. C. Rebelo
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | | | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santos MRE, Ferreira SM, Mendonça PV, De Bon F, Serra AC, Coelho JFJ. Guanidine as inexpensive dual function ligand and reducing agent for ATRP of methacrylates. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00925f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl guanidine, an inexpensive and commercially available organic base, is used for the first time as ligand without any chemical modification for the supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madson R. E. Santos
- CEMMPRE
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
| | - Sílvia M. Ferreira
- CEMMPRE
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
| | - Patrícia V. Mendonça
- CEMMPRE
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
| | - Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Armenio C. Serra
- CEMMPRE
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
| | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- CEMMPRE
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
| |
Collapse
|