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Wittstock G, Bäumer M, Dononelli W, Klüner T, Lührs L, Mahr C, Moskaleva LV, Oezaslan M, Risse T, Rosenauer A, Staubitz A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock A. Nanoporous Gold: From Structure Evolution to Functional Properties in Catalysis and Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6716-6792. [PMID: 37133401 PMCID: PMC10214458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanometer-sized metallic struts and interconnected pores formed spontaneously by oxidative dissolution of the less noble element from gold alloys. The resulting material exhibits decent catalytic activity for low-temperature, aerobic total as well as partial oxidation reactions, the oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate being the prototypical example. This review not only provides a critical discussion of ways to tune the morphology and composition of this material and its implication for catalysis and electrocatalysis, but will also exemplarily review the current mechanistic understanding of the partial oxidation of methanol using information from quantum chemical studies, model studies on single-crystal surfaces, gas phase catalysis, aerobic liquid phase oxidation, and electrocatalysis. In this respect, a particular focus will be on mechanistic aspects not well understood, yet. Apart from the mechanistic aspects of catalysis, best practice examples with respect to material preparation and characterization will be discussed. These can improve the reproducibility of the materials property such as the catalytic activity and selectivity as well as the scope of reactions being identified as the main challenges for a broader application of NPG in target-oriented organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl
von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- University
of Bremen, Institute for Applied
and Physical Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University
of Bremen, MAPEX Center for
Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- University
of Bremen, MAPEX Center for
Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University
of Bremen, Bremen Center for
Computational Materials Science, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Carl
von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Hamburg
University of Technology, Institute of Materials
Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- University
of Bremen, MAPEX Center for
Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University
of Bremen, Institute of Solid
State Physics, Otto Hahn
Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V. Moskaleva
- University
of the Free State, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical
University of Braunschweig Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Arnimallee
22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University
of Bremen, MAPEX Center for
Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University
of Bremen, Institute of Solid
State Physics, Otto Hahn
Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University
of Bremen, MAPEX Center for
Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University
of Bremen, Institute for Organic
and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Hamburg
University of Technology, Institute of Materials
Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- University
of Bremen, MAPEX Center for
Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University
of Bremen, Institute for Organic
and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Gößler M, Hengge E, Bogar M, Albu M, Knez D, Amenitsch H, Würschum R. In Situ Study of Nanoporosity Evolution during Dealloying AgAu and CoPd by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:4037-4047. [PMID: 35273676 PMCID: PMC8900123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical dealloying has become a standard technique to produce nanoporous network structures of various noble metals, exploiting the selective dissolution of one component from an alloy. While achieving nanoporosity during dealloying has been intensively studied for the prime example of nanoporous Au from a AgAu alloy, dealloying from other noble-metal alloys has been rarely investigated in the scientific literature. Here, we study the evolution of nanoporosity in the electrochemical dealloying process for both CoPd and AgAu alloys using a combination of in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). When comparing dealloying kinetics, we find a more rapid progression of the dealloying front for CoPd and also a considerably slower coarsening of the nanoporous structure for Pd in relation to Au. We argue that our findings are natural consequences of the effectively higher dealloying potential and the higher interatomic binding energy for the CoPd alloy. Our results corroborate the understanding of electrochemical dealloying on the basis of two rate equations for dissolution and surface diffusion and suggest the general applicability of this dealloying mechanism to binary alloys. The present study contributes to the future tailoring of structural size in nanoporous metals for improved chemical surface activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gößler
- Institute
of Materials Physics, Graz University of
Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Hengge
- Institute
of Materials Physics, Graz University of
Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Bogar
- CERIC-ERIC
C/o Elettra Sincrotrone, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University
of Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mihaela Albu
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University
of Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute
of Materials Physics, Graz University of
Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Goyal A, Bondue CJ, Graf M, Koper MTM. Effect of pore diameter and length on electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction at nanoporous gold catalysts. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3288-3298. [PMID: 35414878 PMCID: PMC8926346 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we employ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) to track the real-time evolution of CO at nanoporous gold (NpAu) catalysts with varying pore parameters (diameter and length) during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). We show that due to the increase in the local pH with increasing catalyst roughness, NpAu catalysts suppress the bicarbonate-mediated hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to a flat Au electrode. Additionally, the geometric current density for CO2RR increases with the roughness of NpAu catalysts, which we attribute to the increased availability of active sites at NpAu catalysts. Together, the enhancement of CO2RR and the suppression of competing HER results in a drastic increase in the faradaic selectivity for CO2RR with increasing pore length and decreasing pore diameter, reaching near 100% faradaic efficiency for CO in the most extreme case. Interestingly, unlike the geometric current density, the specific current density for CO2RR has a more complicated relation with the roughness of the NpAu catalysts. We show that this is due to the presence of ohmic drop effects along the length of the porous channels. These ohmic drop effects render the pores partially electrocatalytically inactive and hence, they play an important role in tuning the CO2RR activity on nanoporous catalysts. In this work, we employ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) to track the real-time evolution of CO at nanoporous gold (NpAu) catalysts with varying pore parameters (diameter and length) during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Goyal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Bondue
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - Matthias Graf
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Qian L, Elmahdy R, Raj Thiruppathi A, Chen A. An ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of acetaminophen via a three-dimensional hierarchical nanoporous gold wire electrode. Analyst 2021; 146:4525-4534. [PMID: 34137402 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. However, due to the increasing popularity of this drug, overdosing and the contamination of ambient waterways have emerged as major issues. Here, we report on a reliable, ultrasensitive, and easy-to-use sensor for the electrochemical detection of acetaminophen. This sensor employs a gold wire electrode with a unique three-dimensional hierachical nanoporous structure, fabricated using a dissolution, disproportion and deposition procedure. In consideration of optimal sensitivity and reproducibility, the most suitable nanoporous gold electrode was employed for the detection of acetamiophen among a set of nanoporous electrodes made under different reaction times. It was found that the pore size, film thickness, and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) played major roles in the fouling resistance of the developed sensor. The ECSA of the selected sensor was increased by 15.8 times after the post-treatment. The 3D nanoporous electrode demonstrated excellent performance for the detection of acetaminophen with a low detection limit of 3.37 nM, and a strong anti-interference capability. The developed nanoporous Au electrode proved effective for the detection of acetaminophen in real sheep serum, which confirmed its promising application for medical diagnostics and pollutant surveilliance in source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Reem Elmahdy
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Antony Raj Thiruppathi
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
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Kumar A, Gonçalves JM, Furtado VL, Araki K, Angnes L, Bouvet M, Bertotti M, Meunier‐Prest R. Mass Transport in Nanoporous Gold and Correlation with Surface Pores for EC
1
Mechanism: Case of Ascorbic Acid. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR CNRS 6302 Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 Avenue Alain Savary Dijon Cedex 21078 France
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Josue M. Gonçalves
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Vinicius L. Furtado
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Marcel Bouvet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR CNRS 6302 Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 Avenue Alain Savary Dijon Cedex 21078 France
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Rita Meunier‐Prest
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR CNRS 6302 Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 Avenue Alain Savary Dijon Cedex 21078 France
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Freeman CJ, Ullah B, Islam MS, Collinson MM. Potentiometric Biosensing of Ascorbic Acid, Uric Acid, and Cysteine in Microliter Volumes Using Miniaturized Nanoporous Gold Electrodes. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 11:bios11010010. [PMID: 33379137 PMCID: PMC7823660 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Potentiometric redox sensing is a relatively inexpensive and passive approach to evaluate the overall redox state of complex biological and environmental solutions. The ability to make such measurements in ultra-small volumes using high surface area, nanoporous electrodes is of particular importance as such electrodes can improve the rates of electron transfer and reduce the effects of biofouling on the electrochemical signal. This work focuses on the fabrication of miniaturized nanoporous gold (NPG) electrodes with a high surface area and a small footprint for the potentiometric redox sensing of three biologically relevant redox molecules (ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cysteine) in microliter volumes. The NPG electrodes were inexpensively made by attaching a nanoporous gold leaf prepared by dealloying 12K gold in nitric acid to a modified glass capillary (1.5 mm id) and establishing an electrode connection with copper tape. The surface area of the electrodes was ~1.5 cm2, providing a roughness factor of ~16 relative to the geometric area of 0.09 cm2. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoporous framework. A linear dependence between the open-circuit potential (OCP) and the logarithm of concentration (e.g., Nernstian-like behavior) was obtained for all three redox molecules in 100 μL buffered solutions. As a first step towards understanding a real system, the response associated with changing the concentration of one redox species in the presence of the other two was examined. These results show that at NPG, the redox potential of a solution containing biologically relevant concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cysteine is strongly influenced by ascorbic acid. Such information is important for the measurement of redox potentials in complex biological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;
| | - Borkat Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (B.U.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Md. Shafiul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (B.U.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Maryanne M. Collinson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (B.U.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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From Chip Size to Wafer-Scale Nanoporous Gold Reliable Fabrication Using Low Currents Electrochemical Etching. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112321. [PMID: 33238541 PMCID: PMC7700230 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple, scalable route to wafer-size processing for fabrication of tunable nanoporous gold (NPG) by the anodization process at low constant current in a solution of hydrofluoric acid and dimethylformamide. Microstructural, optical, and electrochemical investigations were employed for a systematic analysis of the sample porosity evolution while increasing the anodization duration, namely the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Whereas the SAXS analysis practically completes the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) investigations and provides data about the impact of the etching time on the nanoporous gold layers in terms of fractal dimension and average pore surface area, the EIS analysis was used to estimate the electroactive area, the associated roughness factor, as well as the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant. The bridge between the analyses is made by the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) survey, which practically correlates the surface morphology with the electrochemical activity. The results were correlated to endorse the control over the gold film nanostructuration process deposited directly on the substrate that can be further subjected to different technological processes, retaining its properties. The results show that the anodization duration influences the surface area, which subsequently modifies the properties of NPG, thus enabling tuning the samples for specific applications, either optical or chemical.
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Tavakkoli M, Flahaut E, Peljo P, Sainio J, Davodi F, Lobiak EV, Mustonen K, Kauppinen EI. Mesoporous Single-Atom-Doped Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Hybrid: Synthesis and Tunable Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Reactions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tavakkoli
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, UMR CNRS-UPS-INP No 5085, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Bât. CIRIMAT, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Research Group of Physical Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Physics, Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jani Sainio
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Davodi
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Egor V. Lobiak
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kimmo Mustonen
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Esko I. Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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