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Lu J, Xu C, Dose W, Dey S, Wang X, Wu Y, Li D, Ci L. Microstructures of layered Ni-rich cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4707-4740. [PMID: 38536022 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00741c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Millions of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road are powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on nickel-rich layered oxide (NRLO) cathodes, and they suffer from a limited driving range and safety concerns. Increasing the Ni content is a key way to boost the energy densities of LIBs and alleviate the EV range anxiety, which are, however, compromised by the rapid performance fading. One unique challenge lies in the worsening of the microstructural stability with a rising Ni-content in the cathode. In this review, we focus on the latest advances in the understanding of NLRO microstructures, particularly the microstructural degradation mechanisms, state-of-the-art stabilization strategies, and advanced characterization methods. We first elaborate on the fundamental mechanisms underlying the microstructural failures of NRLOs, including anisotropic lattice evolution, microcracking, and surface degradation, as a result of which other degradation processes, such as electrolyte decomposition and transition metal dissolution, can be severely aggravated. Afterwards, we discuss representative stabilization strategies, including the surface treatment and construction of radial concentration gradients in polycrystalline secondary particles, the fabrication of rod-shaped primary particles, and the development of single-crystal NRLO cathodes. We then introduce emerging microstructural characterization techniques, especially for identification of the particle orientation, dynamic changes, and elemental distributions in NRLO microstructures. Finally, we provide perspectives on the remaining challenges and opportunities for the development of stable NRLO cathodes for the zero-carbon future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Lu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wesley Dose
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sunita Dey
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Xihao Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yehui Wu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Deping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lijie Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Ahangari M, Szalai B, Lujan J, Zhou M, Luo H. Advancements and Challenges in High-Capacity Ni-Rich Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:801. [PMID: 38399052 PMCID: PMC10890397 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries are undoubtedly known as the most promising rechargeable batteries. However, these batteries face some big challenges, like not having enough energy and not lasting long enough, that should be addressed. Ternary Ni-rich Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 and Li[NixCoyAlz]O2 cathode materials stand as the ideal candidate for a cathode active material to achieve high capacity and energy density, low manufacturing cost, and high operating voltage. However, capacity gain from Ni enrichment is nullified by the concurrent fast capacity fading because of issues such as gas evolution, microcracks propagation and pulverization, phase transition, electrolyte decomposition, cation mixing, and dissolution of transition metals at high operating voltage, which hinders their commercialization. In order to tackle these problems, researchers conducted many strategies, including elemental doping, surface coating, and particle engineering. This review paper mainly talks about origins of problems and their mechanisms leading to electrochemical performance deterioration for Ni-rich cathode materials and modification approaches to address the problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (M.A.); (B.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (M.A.); (B.S.); (J.L.)
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3
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Huang K, Zhou J, Yang H, Xie T, Lan T, Ong S, Jiang H, Zeng Y, Guo H, Zhang Y. TiO 2-LiF composite coating for improving NCM622 cathode cycling stability: one-step construction. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33905-33910. [PMID: 38019995 PMCID: PMC10658221 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ni-rich NCM622 is a promising cathode material for future high energy lithium ion batteries, but unstable electrochemical performance of NCM622 hinder its large scale commercial application. The cycling peformance of nickel-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode materials can be improved by surface coating. Here, a one-step approach based on TiF4 is used to successfully manufacture modified NCM622 cathode materials with a TiO2-LiF coating. The TiO2-LiF coated NCM622 preserves 79.7% capacity retention which is higher than the pure NCM622 (68.9%) at 1C after 200 cycles within 2.7-4.3 V. This material serves as the cathode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The uniform TiO2-LiF coating layer can alleviate structural degradation brought on by unfavorable side reactions with the electrolyte has been validated. TiO2-LiF coated on NCM622 cathode materials can be modified easily by one-step approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Yang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Tianzheng Xie
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Tu Lan
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Suichang Ong
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Zeng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Guo
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
- Xiamen University Malaysia 43900 Sepang Selangor Daryl Ehsan Malaysia
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4
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Jayasree SS, Murali AS, Nair S, Santhanagopalan D. Recent progress on the low and high temperature performance of nanoscale engineered Li-ion battery cathode materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:352001. [PMID: 35428032 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac67ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are the domain power house that gratifies the growing energy needs of the modern society. Statistical records highlight the future demand of LIB for transportation and other high energy applications. Cathodes play a significant role in enhancement of electrochemical performance of a battery, especially in terms of energy density. Therefore, numerous innovative studies have been reported for the development of new cathode materials as well as improving the performance of existing ones. Literature designate stable cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) is vital for safe and prolonged high performance of LIBs at different cycling conditions. Considering the context, many groups shed light on stabilizing the CEI with different strategies like surface coating, surface doping and electrolyte modulation. Local temperature variation across the globe is another major factor that influences the application and deployment of LIB chemistries. In this review, we discuss the importance of nano-scale engineering strategies on different class of cathode materials for their improved CEI and hence their low and high temperature performances. Based on the literature reviewed, the best nano-scale engineering strategies investigated for each cathode material have been identified and described. Finally, we discuss the advantages, limitations and future directions for enabling high performance cathode materials for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpasree S Jayasree
- Centre for Nanosciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi-682041, India
| | - Aswathy S Murali
- Centre for Nanosciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi-682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi-682041, India
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5
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Duan K, Ning J, Zhou L, Wang S, Wang Q, Liu J, Guo Z. Synergistic Inorganic-Organic Dual-Additive Electrolytes Enable Practical High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10447-10456. [PMID: 35179877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe electrolyte decomposition under high voltage can easily lead to degradation of the performance of lithium-ion batteries, which has become a major obstacle to the practical application of high-energy-density batteries. To solve these problems, a dual-functional electrolyte additive comprising inorganic lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP) and organic 1,3,6-hexanetrinitrile (HTN) was designed and employed to improve the performance of high-voltage Si@C/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 full batteries. LiDFP with a lower LUMO energy than the solvent in the electrolyte takes priority in reduction, facilitating the formation of a dense and stable film on the anode, effectively suppressing side reactions of the electrolyte and aiding tolerance to the volume expansion of the Si@C electrode. Additionally, the lower HOMO energy of HTN can improve the oxidation resistance of the electrolyte, with the C≡N functional group of HTN helping to remove the trace water and the byproduct HF from the electrolyte. The Si@C/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 full battery with 1 wt % LiDFP and 1 wt % HTN in 1.0 M LiPF6 traditional electrolyte delivers high capacity retention of 91.57% after 150 cycles at 0.2C, compared to 34.58% capacity retention without any additives. Moreover, the Coulombic efficiency of batteries with electrolyte additives can reach 99.75% on average, compared to their counterparts at ∼96.54%. The synergistic effect of LiDFP and HTN provides a promising strategy for enhancing the performance of high-voltage batteries for practical industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijia Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Educational Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jingrong Ning
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Educational Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lai Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Educational Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Educational Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Hubei WanRun New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Shiyan 442500, China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Educational Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei WanRun New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Shiyan 442500, China
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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6
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Chu YQ, Hu Y, Lai AJ, Pan QC, Zheng FH, Huang YG, Wang HQ, Li QY. Enhancement structural stability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 via S2− doping combine with Li2SO4 coating co-modification. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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A key strategy to form a LiF-based SEI layer for a lithium-ion battery anode with enhanced cycling stability by introducing a semi-ionic C F bond. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Ye Z, Qiu L, Yang W, Wu Z, Liu Y, Wang G, Song Y, Zhong B, Guo X. Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemistry 2021; 27:4249-4269. [PMID: 33073440 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-rich layered transition metal oxides are considered as promising cathode candidates to construct next-generation lithium-ion batteries to satisfy the demands of electrical vehicles, because of the high energy density, low cost, and environment friendliness. However, some problems related to rate capability, structure stability, and safety still hamper their commercial application. In this Review, beginning with the relationships between the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance, the underlying mechanisms of the capacity/voltage fade and the unstable structure of Ni-rich cathodes are deeply analyzed. Furthermore, the recent research progress of Ni-rich oxide cathode materials through element doping, surface modification, and structure tuning are summarized. Finally, this review concludes by discussing new insights to expand the field of Ni-rich oxides and promote practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcheng Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Lang Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Gongke Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Benhe Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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9
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Luo D, Ding X, Fan J, Zhang Z, Liu P, Yang X, Guo J, Sun S, Lin Z. Accurate Control of Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium‐rich Manganese‐based Layered Oxides by Surface Multicomponent Integration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaokai Ding
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jianming Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Longyan University Longyan 364012 China
| | - Zuhao Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Ministry of Education Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Center for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Varennes Quebec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Junjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Ministry of Education Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Center for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Varennes Quebec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Zhan Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
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10
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Luo D, Ding X, Fan J, Zhang Z, Liu P, Yang X, Guo J, Sun S, Lin Z. Accurate Control of Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium‐rich Manganese‐based Layered Oxides by Surface Multicomponent Integration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23061-23066. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaokai Ding
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jianming Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Longyan University Longyan 364012 China
| | - Zuhao Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Ministry of Education Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Center for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Varennes Quebec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Junjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Ministry of Education Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Center for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Varennes Quebec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Zhan Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
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11
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Wang W, Wu L, Li Z, Ma S, Dou H, Zhang X. Rational Design of a Piezoelectric BaTiO
3
Nanodot Surface‐Modified LiNi
0.6
Co
0.2
Mn
0.2
O
2
Cathode Material for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 P. R. China
| | - Langyuan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Technology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 P. R. China
| | - Sen Ma
- College of Materials Science and Technology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 P. R. China
| | - Hui Dou
- College of Materials Science and Technology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 P. R. China
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12
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Song X, Li G, Liu S, Gao X. Enhanced Electrochemical and Thermal Stabilities of Li[Ni
0.88
Co
0.09
Al
0.03
]O
2
Cathode Material by La
4
NiLiO
8
Coating for Li–Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhang
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Xiang Song
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Guoran Li
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Xueping Gao
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry School of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University Tianjin China
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