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Alden S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Lavrik NV, Thorgaard SN, Baker LA. High-Throughput Single-Entity Electrochemistry with Microelectrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9177-9184. [PMID: 38780285 PMCID: PMC11154736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe micro- and nanoelectrode array analysis with an automated version of the array microcell method (AMCM). Characterization of hundreds of electrodes, with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 2 μm, was carried out by using AMCM voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The influence of solvent evaporation on mass transport in the AMCM pipette and the resultant electrochemical response were investigated, with experimental results supported by finite element method simulations. We also describe the application of AMCM to high-throughput single-entity electrochemistry in measurements of stochastic nanoparticle impacts. Collision experiments recorded 3270 single-particle events from 671 electrodes. Data collection parameters were optimized to enable these experiments to be completed in a few hours, and the collision transient sizes were analyzed with a U-Net deep learning model. Elucidation of collision transient sizes by histograms from these experiments was enhanced due to the large sample size possible with AMCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha
E. Alden
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yunong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oakridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Scott N. Thorgaard
- Department
of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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2
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Kulesa K, Hirtzel EA, Nguyen VT, Freitas DP, Edwards ME, Yan X, Baker LA. Interfacing High-Throughput Electrosynthesis and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Azines. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8249-8253. [PMID: 38717298 PMCID: PMC11140680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Combinatorial electrochemistry has great promise for accelerated reaction screening, organic synthesis, and catalysis. Recently, we described a new high-throughput electrochemistry platform, colloquially named "Legion". Legion fits the footprint of a 96-well microtiter plate with simultaneous individual control over all 96 electrochemical cells. Here, we demonstrate the versatility of Legion when coupled with high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) for electrosynthetic product screening and quantitation. Electrosynthesis of benzophenone azine was selected as a model reaction and was arrayed and optimized using a combination of Legion and nanoelectrospray ionization MS. The combination of high-throughput synthesis with Legion and analysis via MS proves a compelling strategy for accelerating reaction discovery and optimization in electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista
M. Kulesa
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Erin A. Hirtzel
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Vinh T. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dallas P. Freitas
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Madison E. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Personick ML, Jallow AA, Halford GC, Baker LA. Nanomaterials Synthesis Discovery via Parallel Electrochemical Deposition. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:3034-3041. [PMID: 38558921 PMCID: PMC10976633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrodeposition of nanoparticles is investigated with a multichannel potentiostat in electrochemical and chemical arrays. De novo deposition and shape control of palladium nanoparticles are explored in arrays with a two-stage strategy. Initial conditions for electrodeposition of materials are discovered in a first stage and then used in a second stage to logically expand chemical and electrochemical parameters. Shape control is analyzed primarily with scanning electron microscopy. Using this approach, optimized conditions for the electrodeposition of cubic palladium nanoparticles were identified from a set of previously untested electrodeposition conditions. The parameters discovered through the array format were then successfully extrapolated to a traditional bulk three-electrode electrochemical cell. Electrochemical arrays were also used to explore electrodeposition parameters reported in previous bulk studies, further demonstrating the correspondence between the array and bulk systems. These results broadly highlight opportunities for electrochemical arrays, both for discovery and for further investigations of electrodeposition in nanomaterials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Personick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Abdoulie A. Jallow
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gabriel C. Halford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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4
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Pence M, Rodríguez O, Lukhanin NG, Schroeder CM, Rodríguez-López J. Automated Measurement of Electrogenerated Redox Species Degradation Using Multiplexed Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:62-72. [PMID: 36817007 PMCID: PMC9936799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the decomposition of electrogenerated species in solution is essential for applications involving electrosynthesis, homogeneous electrocatalysis, and energy storage with redox flow batteries. In this work, we present an automated, multiplexed, and highly robust platform for determining the rate constant of chemical reaction steps following electron transfer, known as the EC mechanism. We developed a generation-collection methodology based on microfabricated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) with variable gap widths on a single device. Using a combination of finite-element simulations and statistical analysis of experimental data, our results show that the natural logarithm of collection efficiency is linear with respect to gap width, and this quantitative analysis is used to determine the decomposition rate constant of the electrogenerated species (k c). The integrated IDA method is used in a series of experiments to measure k c values between ∼0.01 and 100 s-1 in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at concentrations as high as 0.5 M of the redox-active species, conditions that are challenging to address using standard methods based on conventional macroelectrodes. The versatility of our approach allows for characterization of a wide range of reactions including intermolecular cyclization, hydrolysis, and the decomposition of candidate molecules for redox flow batteries at variable concentration and water content. Overall, this new experimental platform presents a straightforward automated method to assess the degradation of redox species in solution with sufficient flexibility to enable high-throughput workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Pence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nikita G. Lukhanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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5
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Rahman MM, Tolbert CL, Saha P, Halpern JM, Hill CM. On-Demand Electrochemical Fabrication of Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21275-21282. [PMID: 36399100 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered nanoparticle arrays are attractive platforms for a variety of analytical applications, but the fabrication of such arrays is generally challenging. Here, it is demonstrated that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) can be used as a powerful, instantly reconfigurable tool for the fabrication of ordered nanoparticle arrays. Using SECCM, Ag nanoparticle arrays were straightforwardly fabricated via electrodeposition at the interface between a substrate electrode and an electrolyte-filled pipet. By dynamically monitoring the currents flowing in an SECCM cell, individual nucleation and growth events could be detected and controlled to yield individual nanoparticles of controlled size. Characterization of the resulting arrays demonstrate that this SECCM-based approach enables spatial control of nanoparticle location comparable with the terminal diameter of the pipet employed and straightforward control over the volume of material deposited at each site within an array. These results provide further evidence for the utility of probe-based electrochemical techniques such as SECCM as tools for surface modification in addition to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maksudur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Chloe L Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Partha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire03824, United States
| | - Caleb M Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
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6
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Li J, Wang Y, Zang J, Zhou Y, Su S, Zou Q, Yuan Y. A film electrode composed of micron-diamond embedded in phenolic resin derived amorphous carbon for electroanalysis of dopamine in the presence of uric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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