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Bitenc J, Pirnat K, Lužanin O, Dominko R. Organic Cathodes, a Path toward Future Sustainable Batteries: Mirage or Realistic Future? CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:1025-1040. [PMID: 38370280 PMCID: PMC10870817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Organic active materials are seen as next-generation battery materials that could circumvent the sustainability and cost limitations connected with the current Li-ion battery technology while at the same time enabling novel battery functionalities like a bioderived feedstock, biodegradability, and mechanical flexibility. Many promising research results have recently been published. However, the reproducibility and comparison of the literature results are somehow limited due to highly variable electrode formulations and electrochemical testing conditions. In this Perspective, we provide a critical view of the organic cathode active materials and suggest future guidelines for electrochemical characterization, capacity evaluation, and mechanistic investigation to facilitate reproducibility and benchmarking of literature results, leading to the accelerated development of organic electrode active materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bitenc
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Pirnat
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivera Lužanin
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Dominko
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Alistore-European
Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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Lu Y, Ni Y, Chen J. Reliable Organic Carbonyl Electrode Materials Enabled by Electrolyte and Interfacial Chemistry Regulation. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:375-385. [PMID: 38240205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved great success and dominated the market of portable electronics and electric vehicles owing to their high energy density and long-term cyclability. However, if applying LIBs for large-scale energy storage scenarios, such as regulating the output of electricity generated by sustainable energy in the future age of carbon neutrality, the current electrochemistry of LIBs based on Li-ion interaction/deinteraction between a transition-metal oxide cathode and graphite anode will suffer from problems of scarce natural resources (e.g., Li, Co, and Ni) and high energy consumption/CO2 emission involved in the production of electrodes. Similarly, other commercial batteries such as lead-acid batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries are also plagued by these issues.In contrast, organic electrode materials, especially carbonyl materials, exhibit advantages of abundant resources, renewability, high capacity, environmental friendliness, and structural designability and have shown great promise for various rechargeable batteries in recent years. However, organic carbonyl electrode materials generally exhibit unsatisfactory cycling stability and rate performance, which are highly dependent on the electrolyte and interfacial chemistry. Appropriate electrolytes and a stable electrode/electrolyte interface would be beneficial for preventing the dissolution of organic carbonyl electrode materials and/or their redox intermediates in electrolytes and promoting fast ion transport between the electrode and electrolyte. In this regard, designing an appropriate electrolyte and constructing a stable electrode/electrolyte interface are the keys to enhancing the comprehensive performance of organic carbonyl electrode materials.In this Account, on the basis of our progress and related works from other groups in the past decade, we afford an overview of understanding the effects of electrolyte and interfacial chemistry on the electrochemical performance of organic carbonyl electrode materials. We will start by briefly introducing the basic properties, working mechanisms, and issues of organic carbonyl electrode materials. Then, the implications of electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry on electrochemical performance will be summarized and highlighted through discussing the performance of organic carbonyl electrodes in different types of electrolytes (organic liquid and aqueous and solid-state electrolytes). Meanwhile, the design principles of electrolytes and interfacial chemistry for organic carbonyl electrodes are also discussed. A representative example is that organic carbonyl electrode materials often exhibit better electrochemical performance in ether-based electrolytes than in ester-based electrolytes, which could be mainly attributed to the stable and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on carbonyl electrodes in the ether-based electrolyte. This example demonstrates the importance of investigating the electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry of organic carbonyl electrode materials. Finally, future perspectives on designing appropriate electrolytes and understanding electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry will also be discussed. It is meaningful to thoroughly reveal the dynamic evolution of the electrode/electrolyte interface during discharge/charge processes and evaluate the compatibility between electrolytes and organic carbonyl electrode materials under practical conditions using limited quantities of electrolytes and high areal-specific-capacity electrodes in the future. This Account could attract more attention to electrolytes and the electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry of organic carbonyl electrode materials and finally promote their future commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Youxuan Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Lu Y, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Xie W, Chen J. Regulating Electrostatic Interaction between Hydrofluoroethers and Carbonyl Cathodes toward Highly Stable Lithium-Organic Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1100-1108. [PMID: 38127285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbonyl electrode materials have shown great promise for high-performance lithium batteries due to their high capacity, renewability, and environmental friendliness. However, their practical application is hindered by the high solubility of these materials in traditional electrolytes, leading to poor cycling stability and serious shuttle effects. Here, we develop a series of hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) with weak electrostatic interaction toward organic carbonyl cathode materials, aiming to address the dissolution issue and achieve high cycling stability in lithium batteries. Theoretical calculations reveal that the electrostatic interactions between HFEs and pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (PTO) are significantly weaker compared with common solvents such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane. Consequently, the dissolution of PTO in the HFE-based electrolyte is remarkably reduced, as observed by in situ ultraviolet-visible spectra. Notably, when using the electrolyte based on 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane with a certain coordination ability, PTO exhibits excellent cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 78% after 1000 cycles. This work proposes the regulation of electrostatic interactions to inhibit the dissolution of organic carbonyl cathode materials and significantly enhance their cycle life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Haihe Lab of ITAI, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Abstract
Organic batteries using redox-active polymers and small organic compounds have become promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to the abundance, environmental benignity, and diverse nature of organic resources. To date, tremendous research efforts have been devoted to developing advanced organic electrode materials and understanding the material structure-performance correlation in organic batteries. In contrast, less attention was paid to the correlation between electrolyte structure and battery performance, despite the critical roles of electrolytes for the dissolution of organic electrode materials, the formation of the electrode-electrolyte interphase, and the solvation/desolvation of charge carriers. In this review, we discuss the prospects and challenges of organic batteries with an emphasis on electrolytes. The differences between organic and inorganic batteries in terms of electrolyte property requirements and charge storage mechanisms are elucidated. To provide a comprehensive and thorough overview of the electrolyte development in organic batteries, the electrolytes are divided into four categories including organic liquid electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, and polymer-based electrolytes, to introduce different components, concentrations, additives, and applications in various organic batteries with different charge carriers, interphases, and separators. The perspectives and outlook for the future development of advanced electrolytes are also discussed to provide a guidance for the electrolyte design and optimization in organic batteries. We believe that this review will stimulate an in-depth study of electrolytes and accelerate the commercialization of organic batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Robert Paul Hicks
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zifeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Juchen Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yunhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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McEldrew M, Goodwin ZAH, Molinari N, Kozinsky B, Kornyshev AA, Bazant MZ. Salt-in-Ionic-Liquid Electrolytes: Ion Network Formation and Negative Effective Charges of Alkali Metal Cations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13752-13766. [PMID: 34902256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt-in-ionic liquid electrolytes have attracted significant attention as potential electrolytes for next generation batteries largely due to their safety enhancements over typical organic electrolytes. However, recent experimental and computational studies have shown that under certain conditions alkali cations can migrate in electric fields as if they carried a net negative effective charge. In particular, alkali cations were observed to have negative transference numbers at small mole fractions of alkali-metal salt that revert to the expected net positive transference numbers at large mole fractions. Simulations have provided some insights into these observations, where the formation of asymmetric ionic clusters, as well as a percolating ion network, could largely explain the anomalous transport of alkali cations. However, a thermodynamic theory that captures such phenomena has not been developed, as ionic associations were typically treated via the formation of ion pairs. The theory presented herein, based on the classical polymer theories, describes thermoreversible associations between alkali cations and anions, where the formation of large, asymmetric ionic clusters and a percolating ionic network are a natural result of the theory. Furthermore, we present several general methods to calculate the effective charge of alkali cations in ionic liquids. We note that the negative effective charge is a robust prediction with respect to the parameters of the theory and that the formation of a percolating ionic network leads to the restoration of net positive charges of the cations at large mole fractions of alkali metal salt. Overall, we find excellent qualitative agreement between our theory and molecular simulations in terms of ionic cluster statistics and the effective charges of the alkali cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McEldrew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zachary A H Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College of London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College of London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nicola Molinari
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Boris Kozinsky
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alexei A Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College of London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College of London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College of London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Xu T, Qin J, Liu Y, Lan Q, Zhao Y, Song Z, Zhan H. Diluted Ionic Liquid Electrolyte‐Assisted Stable Cycling of Small Molecular Organics. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jian Qin
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Molecular Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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Molinari N, Xie Y, Leifer I, Marcolongo A, Kornbluth M, Kozinsky B. Spectral Denoising for Accelerated Analysis of Correlated Ionic Transport. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:025901. [PMID: 34296917 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.025901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Computation of correlated ionic transport properties from molecular dynamics in the Green-Kubo formalism is expensive, as one cannot rely on the affordable mean square displacement approach. We use spectral decomposition of the short-time ionic displacement covariance to learn a set of diffusion eigenmodes that encode the correlation structure and form a basis for analyzing the ionic trajectories. This allows systematic reduction of the uncertainty and accelerate computations of ionic conductivity in systems with a steady-state correlation structure. We provide mathematical and numerical proofs of the method's robustness and demonstrate it on realistic electrolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Molinari
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yu Xie
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ian Leifer
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - Mordechai Kornbluth
- Robert Bosch LLC, Research and Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Boris Kozinsky
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Robert Bosch LLC, Research and Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Gerlach P, Balducci A. The influence of current density, rest time and electrolyte composition on the self-discharge of organic radical polymers. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perner V, Diddens D, Otteny F, Küpers V, Bieker P, Esser B, Winter M, Kolek M. Insights into the Solubility of Poly(vinylphenothiazine) in Carbonate-Based Battery Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12442-12453. [PMID: 33648341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials are promising candidates for next-generation battery systems. However, many organic battery materials suffer from high solubility in common battery electrolytes. Such solubility can be overcome by introducing tailored high-molecular-weight polymer structures, for example, by cross-linking, requiring enhanced synthetic efforts. We herein propose a different strategy by optimizing the battery electrolyte to obtain insolubility of non-cross-linked poly(3-vinyl-N-methylphenothiazine) (PVMPT). Successive investigation and theoretical insights into carbonate-based electrolytes and their interplay with PVMPT led to a strong decrease in the solubility of the redox polymer in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (3:7) with 1 M LiPF6. This allowed accessing its full theoretical specific capacity by changing the charge/discharge mechanism compared to previous reports. Through electrochemical, spectroscopic, and theoretical investigations, we show that changing the constituents of the electrolyte significantly influences the interactions between the electrolyte molecules and the redox polymer PVMPT. Our study demonstrates that choosing the ideal electrolyte composition without chemical modification of the active material is a successful strategy to enhance the performance of organic polymer-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Perner
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Otteny
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verena Küpers
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Bieker
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Kolek
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Lee B, Lee K, Li M, Noda S, Lee SW. Two‐Dimensional Polydopamine Positive Electrodes for High‐Capacity Alkali Metal‐Ion Storage. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyong Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta 30332 USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering Pusan National University Busan 42641 Korea
| | - Kyungbin Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta 30332 USA
| | - Mochen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry Waseda University Tokyo 169-8555 Tokyo Japan
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Waseda University Tokyo 169-8555 Tokyo Japan
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta 30332 USA
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Easley AD, Vukin LM, Flouda P, Howard DL, Pena JL, Lutkenhaus JL. Nitroxide Radical Polymer–Solvent Interactions and Solubility Parameter Determination. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lillian M. Vukin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Paraskevi Flouda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dylan L. Howard
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jose L. Pena
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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