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Tan Z, Li K, Gu Y, Nan Z, Wang W, Sun L, Mao B, Yan J. Unconventional Electrochemical Behaviors of Cu Underpotential Deposition in a Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent: High Underpotential Shift and Low Coverage. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6458-6466. [PMID: 37027511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The (5 × 5) Moiré pattern resulting from coadsorption of Cu atoms and chloride ions on the Au(111) electrode is one of the most classical structures for underpotential deposition (UPD) in electrochemical surface science. Although two models have been proposed to describe the pattern, the details of the structure remain ambiguous and controversial, leading to a question that remains to be answered. In this work, we investigate the UPD behaviors of Cu on the Au(111) electrode in a chloride-based deep eutectic solvent ethaline by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Benefiting from the properties of the ultraconcentrated electrolyte, we directly image not only Cu but also Cl adlayers by finely tuning tunneling conditions. The structure is unambiguously determined for both Cu and Cl adlayers, where an incommensurate Cu layer is adsorbed on the Au(111) surface with a Cu coverage of 0.64, while the Cl coverage is 0.32 (only half of the expected value); i.e., the atomic arrangement of the observed (5 × 5) Moiré pattern in ethaline matches neither of the models proposed in the literature. Meanwhile, STM results confirm the origin of the cathodic peak in the cyclic voltammogram, which indicates that the underpotential shift of Cu UPD in ethaline indeed increases by ca. 0.40 V compared to its counterpart in a sulfuric acid solution, resulting in a significant deviation from the linear relation between the underpotential shift and the difference in work functions proposed in the literature. The unconventional electrochemical behaviors of Cu UPD reveal the specialty of both the bulk and the interface in the chloride-based deep eutectic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ziang Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Freeman JS, Mamme MH, Ustarroz J, Warr GG, Li H, Atkin R. Molecular Resolution Nanostructure and Dynamics of the Deep Eutectic Solvent-Graphite Interface as a Function of Potential. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204993. [PMID: 36627266 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interest in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly for electrochemical applications, has boomed in the past decade because they are more versatile than conventional electrolyte solutions and are low cost, renewable, and non-toxic. The molecular scale lateral nanostructures as a function of potential at the solid-liquid interface-critical design parameters for the use of DESs as electrochemical solvents-are yet to be revealed. In this work, in situ amplitude modulated atomic force microscopy complemented by molecular dynamics simulations is used to probe the Stern and near-surface layers of the archetypal and by far most studied DES, 1:2 choline chloride:urea (reline), at the highly orientated pyrolytic graphite surface as a function of potential, to reveal highly ordered lateral nanostructures with unprecedented molecular resolution. This detail allows identification of choline, chloride, and urea in the Stern layer on graphite, and in some cases their orientations. Images obtained after the potential is switched from negative to positive show the dynamics of the Stern layer response, revealing that several minutes are required to reach equilibrium. These results provide valuable insight into the nanostructure and dynamics of DESs at the solid-liquid interface, with implications for the rational design of DESs for interfacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Freeman
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Mesfin Haile Mamme
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Jon Ustarroz
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Wu JD, Ding Y, Zhu F, Gu Y, Wang WW, Sun L, Mao BW, Yan JW. The Role of Water Content of Deep Eutectic Solvent Ethaline in the Anodic Process of Gold Electrode. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052300. [PMID: 36903545 PMCID: PMC10005209 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional coupling of ligands for gold wet etching makes large-scale applications problematic. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of environment-friendly solvents, which could possibly overcome the shortcomings. In this work, the effect of water content on the Au anodic process in DES ethaline was investigated by combining linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Meanwhile, we employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image the evolution of the surface morphology of the Au electrode during its dissolution and passivation process. The obtained AFM data help to explain the observations about the effect of water content on the Au anodic process from the microscopic perspective. High water contents make the occurrence of anodic dissolution of gold at higher potential, but enhances the rate of the electron transfer and gold dissolution. AFM results reveal the occurrence of massive exfoliation, which confirms that the gold dissolution reaction is more violent in ethaline with higher water contents. In addition, AFM results illustrate that the passive film and its average roughness could be tailored by changing the water content of ethaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Du Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (B.-W.M.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (B.-W.M.); (J.-W.Y.)
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4
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Development of electrolytes for rechargeable zinc-air batteries: current progress, challenges, and future outlooks. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis review presents the current developments of various electrolyte systems for secondary zinc air batteries (SZABs). The challenges and advancements in aqueous electrolytes (e.g., alkaline, acidic and neutral) and non-aqueous electrolytes (e.g., solid polymer electrolyte, ionic liquids, gel polymer electrolyte, and deep eutectic solvents) development have been reviewed. Moreover, chemical and physical characteristics of electrolytes such as power density, capacity, rate performance, cyclic ability, and safety that play a vital role in recital of the SZABs have been reviewed. Finally, the challenges and limitations that must be investigated and possible future research areas of SZABs electrolytes are discussed.
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5
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Self-assembled nanostructure induced in deep eutectic solvents via an amphiphilic hydrogen bond donor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 616:121-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zeller SJ, Geng T, Ceblin MU, Uhl M, Kuehne AJC, Kibler LA, Jacob T. An Interfacial Study of Au(111) Electrodes in Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven J. Zeller
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstr. 11 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Tanja Geng
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Maximilian U. Ceblin
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Matthias Uhl
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Ludwig A. Kibler
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Timo Jacob
- Ulm University Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
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7
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Liu S, Tan Z, Wu J, Mao B, Yan J. Electrochemical interfaces in ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents incorporated with water: A review. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Jiedu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
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Tan Z, Liu S, Wu J, Nan Z, Yang F, Zhan D, Yan J, Mao B. Copper Deposition on Au(111) in a Deep Eutectic Solvent: An In Situ STM Study**. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jiedu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ziang Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Fangzu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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9
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Wu J, Liu S, Tan Z, Guo Y, Zhou J, Mao B, Yan J. Effect of hydrogen bond donor molecules ethylene glycerol and lactic acid on electrochemical interfaces in choline chloride based-deep eutectic solvents. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244702. [PMID: 34972352 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline chloride (ChCl)-based-deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are widely used in electrochemical fields. In this work, the effect of two types of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) molecules, ethylene glycerol and lactic acid (LA), on electrochemical interfaces between the Au electrode and DESs has been investigated by employing voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The anodic dissolution and passivation behaviors of the Au electrode are revealed in both ethaline and ChCl:LA. In ChCl:LA, the anodic dissolution of Au is slowed down, and the passivation film is relatively dense and stable due to the existence of the carboxyl group in HBD molecule LA. In the double layer region, the lifting and formation of Au(111) surface reconstruction and a disorder-order phase transition of the chloride ion adlayer were observed in the two DESs. Moreover, compared with ethaline, an extra pair of current peaks appears in ChCl-LA possibly due to the adsorption and desorption of LA on the Au(111) surface, which might imply the stronger interaction of LA with the Au electrode in ChCl:LA. HBD LA could even have marked an impact on the disorder-order phase transition of the chloride ion adlayer. The above results provide new insight into the significant effect of HBD molecules on the anodic dissolution and the passivation of the Au electrode and the electrochemical behaviors in the double layer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiedu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
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Qiao Q, Shi J, Shao Q. The multiscale solvation effect on the reactivity of β-O-4 of lignin dimers in deep eutectic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25699-25705. [PMID: 34755736 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04342k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerge as a medium to enhance the depolymerization of lignin. One critical question is how the solvation of lignin in DESs may affect the reactivity of lignin. To shed light on this question, we investigate the solvation of four lignin dimers in three DES solutions using molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations. The four lignin dimers are composed of guaiacyl and syringyl units and are used as the models for lignin. The three DES solutions are composed of choline, Cl- and three acids: lactic acid, levulinic acid and oxalic acid. We investigate the preferential accumulation of individual DES components in the solvation shells and the exposure area and electrostatic potential of the β-O-4 linkage of the four lignin dimers in the three DESs. The results show that DESs could influence the affinity and nucleophilicity of the β-O-4 linkage through three effects: (1) forming a charged solvation shell, (2) varying the exposure of the β-O-4 linkage and (3) adjusting the electrostatic potential of the β-O-4 linkage. Our simulations indicate a comprehensive and multiscale effect of DESs on lignin decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
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Bulk and interfacial nanostructure and properties in deep eutectic solvents: Current perspectives and future directions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2430-2454. [PMID: 34785053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a tailorable class of solvents that are rapidly gaining scientific and industrial interest. This is because they are distinct from conventional molecular solvents, inherently tuneable via careful selection of constituents, and possess many attractive properties for applications, including catalysis, chemical extraction, reaction media, novel lubricants, materials chemistry, and electrochemistry. DESs are a class of solvents composed solely of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with a melting point lower than the individual components and are often fluidic at room temperature. A unique feature of DESs is that they possess distinct bulk liquid and interfacial nanostructure, which results from intra- and inter-molecular interactions, including coulomb forces, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, electrostatics, dispersion forces, and apolar-polar segregation. This nanostructure manifests as preferential spatial arrangements of the different species, and exists over several length scales, from molecular- to nano- and meso-scales. The physicochemical properties of DESs are dictated by structure-property relationships; however, there is a significant gap in our understanding of the underlying factors which govern their solvent properties. This is a major limitation of DES-based technologies, as nanostructure can significantly influence physical properties and thus potential applications. This perspective provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of DES nanostructure, both in the bulk liquid and at solid interfaces. We provide definitions which clearly distinguish DESs as a unique solvent class, rather than a subset of ILs. An appraisal of recent work provides hints towards trends in structure-property relationships, while also highlighting inconsistencies within the literature suggesting new research directions for the field. It is hoped that this review will provide insight into DES nanostructure, their potential applications, and development of a robust framework for systematic investigation moving forward.
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12
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Abbas UL, Qiao Q, Nguyen MT, Shi J, Shao Q. Structure and hydrogen bonds of hydrophobic deep eutectic
solvent‐aqueous liquid–liquid
interfaces. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Usman L. Abbas
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Manh Tien Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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13
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Wu J, Zhou R, Radjenovic PM, Liu S, Wu D, Li J, Mao B, Yan J. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy studies on electrochemical interface between Au(111) electrode and ethaline deep eutectic solvent. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Hammond OS, Atri RS, Bowron DT, de Campo L, Diaz-Moreno S, Keenan LL, Doutch J, Eslava S, Edler KJ. Structural evolution of iron forming iron oxide in a deep eutectic-solvothermal reaction. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1723-1737. [PMID: 33428701 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) and their hydrated mixtures are used for solvothermal routes towards greener functional nanomaterials. Here we present the first static structural and in situ studies of the formation of iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles in a DES of choline chloride : urea where xurea = 0.67 (aka. reline) as an exemplar solvothermal reaction, and observe the effects of water on the reaction. The initial speciation of Fe3+ in DES solutions was measured using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), while the atomistic structure of the mixture was resolved from neutron and X-ray diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modelling. The reaction was monitored using in situ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), to determine mesoscale changes, and EXAFS, to determine local rearrangements of order around iron ions. It is shown that iron salts form an octahedral [Fe(L)3(Cl)3] complex where (L) represents various O-containing ligands. Solubilised Fe3+ induced subtle structural rearrangements in the DES due to abstraction of chloride into complexes and distortion of H-bonding around complexes. EXAFS suggests the complex forms [-O-Fe-O-] oligomers by reaction with the products of thermal hydrolysis of urea, and is thus pseudo-zero-order in iron. In the hydrated DES, the reaction, nucleation and growth proceeds rapidly, whereas in the pure DES, the reaction initially proceeds quickly, but suddenly slows after 5000 s. In situ SANS and static small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments reveal that nanoparticles spontaneously nucleate after 5000 s of reaction time in the pure DES before slow growth. Contrast effects observed in SANS measurements suggest that hydrated DES preferentially form 1D particle morphologies because of choline selectively capping surface crystal facets to direct growth along certain axes, whereas capping is restricted by the solvent structure in the pure DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Hammond
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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