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Wu S, Jiang Y, Luo W, Xu P, Huang L, Du Y, Wang H, Zhou X, Ge Y, Qian J, Nie H, Yang Z. Ag-Co 3 O 4 -CoOOH-Nanowires Tandem Catalyst for Efficient Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitrate to Ammonia at Low Overpotential via Triple Reactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303789. [PMID: 37822155 PMCID: PMC10667848 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate (NO3 ‾) to NH3 (NO3 RR) offers a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. However, the overall kinetic rate of NO3 RR is plagued by the complex proton-assisted multiple-electron transfer process. Herein, Ag/Co3 O4 /CoOOH nanowires (i-Ag/Co3 O4 NWs) tandem catalyst is designed to optimize the kinetic rate of intermediate reaction for NO3 RR simultaneously. The authors proved that NO3 ‾ ions are reduced to NO2 ‾ preferentially on Ag phases and then NO2 ‾ to NO on Co3 O4 phases. The CoOOH phases catalyze NO reduction to NH3 via NH2 OH intermediate. This unique catalyst efficiently converts NO3 ‾ to NH3 through a triple reaction with a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 94.3% and a high NH3 yield rate of 253.7 μmol h-1 cm-2 in 1 M KOH and 0.1 M KNO3 solution at -0.25 V versus RHE. The kinetic studies demonstrate that converting NH2 OH into NH3 is the rate-determining step (RDS) with an energy barrier of 0.151 eV over i-Ag/Co3 O4 NWs. Further applying i-Ag/Co3 O4 NWs as the cathode material, a novel Zn-nitrate battery exhibits a power density of 2.56 mW cm-2 and an FE of 91.4% for NH3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Yingyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Longlong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Ge
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Huagui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of ZhejiangCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
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Yu F, Liu X, Liao L, Xia G, Wang H. Multilayer-Cavity Tandem Catalyst for Profiling Sequentially Coupling of Intermediate CO in Electrocatalytic Reduction Reaction of CO 2 to Multi-Carbon Products. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301558. [PMID: 37118852 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is an effective approach to address CO2 emission, promote recycling, and synthesize high-value multi-carbon (C2+ ) chemicals for storing renewable electricity in the long-term. The construction of multilayer-bound nanoreactors to achieve management of intermediate CO is a promising strategy for tandem to C2+ products. In this study, a series of Ag@Cu2 O nanoreactors consisting of an Ag-yolk and a multilayer confined Cu shell is designed to profile electrocatalytic CO2 RR reactions. The optimized Ag@Cu2 O-2 nanoreactor exhibits a 74% Faradaic efficiency during the C2+ pathway and remains stable for over 10 h at a bias current density of 100 mA cm-2 . Using the finite element method, this model determines that the certain volume of cavity in the Ag@Cu2 O nanoreactors facilitates on-site CO retention and that multilayers of Cu species favor CO capture. Density functional theory calculations illustrate that the biased generation of ethanol products may arise from the (100)/(111) interface of the Cu layer. In-depth explorations in multilayer-bound nanoreactors provide structural and interfacial guidance for sequential coupling of CO2 RR intermediates for efficient C2+ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqing Yu
- Key laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xian Liu
- Key laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Luliang Liao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Guomin Xia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Hongming Wang
- Key laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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3
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Wen G, Ren B, Liu Y, Dong S, Luo D, Jin M, Wang X, Yu A, Chen Z. Bridging Trans-Scale Electrode Engineering for Mass CO 2 Electrolysis. JACS AU 2023; 3:2046-2061. [PMID: 37654582 PMCID: PMC10466330 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 upgrade offers an artificial route for carbon recycling and neutralization, while its widespread implementation relies heavily on the simultaneous enhancement of mass transfer and reaction kinetics to achieve industrial conversion rates. Nevertheless, such a multiscale challenge calls for trans-scale electrode engineering. Herein, three scales are highlighted to disclose the key factors of CO2 electrolysis, including triple-phase boundaries, reaction microenvironment, and catalytic surface coordination. Furthermore, the advanced types of electrolyzers with various electrode design strategies are surveyed and compared to guide the system architectures for continuous conversion. We further offer an outlook on challenges and opportunities for the grand-scale application of CO2 electrolysis. Hence, this comprehensive Perspective bridges the gaps between electrode research and CO2 electrolysis practices. It contributes to facilitating the mixed reaction and mass transfer process, ultimately enabling the on-site recycling of CO2 emissions from industrial plants and achieving net negative emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Wen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Bohua Ren
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
- Institute
of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
- South
China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, International Academy of
Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China
Normal University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yinyi Liu
- South
China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, International Academy of
Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China
Normal University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Silong Dong
- South
China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, International Academy of
Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China
Normal University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
- Key
Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School
of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- South
China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, International Academy of
Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China
Normal University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xin Wang
- South
China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, International Academy of
Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China
Normal University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
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4
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Junqueira JRC, Das D, Cathrin Brix A, Dieckhöfer S, Weidner J, Wang X, Shi J, Schuhmann W. Simultaneous Anodic and Cathodic Formate Production in a Paired Electrolyzer by CO 2 Reduction and Glycerol Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202349. [PMID: 36897020 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 conversion is a key technology to promote the production of carbon-containing molecules, alongside reducing CO2 emissions leading to a closed carbon cycle economy. Over the past decade, the interest to develop selective and active electrochemical devices for electrochemical CO2 reduction emerged. However, most reports employ oxygen evolution reaction as an anodic half-cell reaction causing the system to suffer from sluggish kinetics with no production of value-added chemicals. Therefore, this study reports a conceptualized paired electrolyzer for simultaneous anodic and cathodic formate production at high currents. To achieve this, CO2 reduction was coupled with glycerol oxidation: a BiOBr-modified gas-diffusion cathode and a Nix B on Ni foam anode keep their selectivity for formate in the paired electrolyzer compared to the half-cell measurements. The paired reactor here reaches a combined Faradaic efficiency for formate of 141 % (45 % anode and 96 % cathode) at a current density of 200 mA cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- João R C Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Debanjan Das
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Ann Cathrin Brix
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Jonas Weidner
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Xin Wang
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Jialin Shi
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum Department, Germany
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5
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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6
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Zhang J, He W, Quast T, Junqueira JRC, Saddeler S, Schulz S, Schuhmann W. Single-entity Electrochemistry Unveils Dynamic Transformation during Tandem Catalysis of Cu 2 O and Co 3 O 4 for Converting NO 3 - to NH 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214830. [PMID: 36469860 PMCID: PMC10108016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically converting nitrate to ammonia is an essential and sustainable approach to restoring the globally perturbed nitrogen cycle. The rational design of catalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 RR) based on a detailed understanding of the reaction mechanism is of high significance. We report a Cu2 O+Co3 O4 tandem catalyst which enhances the NH3 production rate by ≈2.7-fold compared to Co3 O4 and ≈7.5-fold compared with Cu2 O, respectively, however, most importantly, we precisely place single Cu2 O and Co3 O4 cube-shaped nanoparticles individually and together on carbon nanoelectrodes provide insight into the mechanism of the tandem catalysis. The structural and phase evolution of the individual Cu2 O+Co3 O4 nanocubes during NO3 RR is unveiled using identical location transmission electron microscopy. Combining single-entity electrochemistry with precise nano-placement sheds light on the dynamic transformation of single catalyst particles during tandem catalysis in a direct way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wenhui He
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - João R C Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Saddeler
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Kato S, Hashimoto T, Iwase K, Harada T, Nakanishi S, Kamiya K. Selective and high-rate CO 2 electroreduction by metal-doped covalent triazine frameworks: a computational and experimental hybrid approach. Chem Sci 2023; 14:613-620. [PMID: 36741519 PMCID: PMC9847663 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has attracted intensive attention as a technology to achieve a carbon-neutral society. The use of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) enables the realization of high-rate CO2RRs, which is one of the critical requirements for social implementation. Although both a high reaction rate and good selectivity are simultaneously required for electrocatalysts on GDEs, no systematic study of the relationship among active metal centers in electrocatalysts, reaction rate, and selectivity under high-rate CO2RR conditions has been reported. In the present study, we employed various metal-doped covalent triazine frameworks (M-CTFs) as platforms for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) electrocatalysts on GDEs and systematically investigated them to deduce sophisticated design principles using a combined computational and experimental approach. The Ni-CTF showed both high selectivity (faradaic efficiency (FE) > 98% at -0.5 to -0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and a high reaction rate (current density < -200 mA cm-2) for CO production. By contrast, the Sn-CTF exhibited selective formic acid production, and the FE and partial current density reached 85% and 150 mA cm-2, respectively. These results for the CO2RR activity and selectivity at high current density with respect to metal centers correspond well with predictions based on first-principles calculations. This work is the first demonstration of a clear relationship between the computational adsorption energy of intermediates depending on metal species and the experimental high-rate gaseous CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kato
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takuya Hashimoto
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Iwase
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Takashi Harada
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kamiya
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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8
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A novel one-step calcination tailored single-atom iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon material catalyst for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Cao B, Li FZ, Gu J. Designing Cu-Based Tandem Catalysts for CO 2 Electroreduction Based on Mass Transport of CO Intermediate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fu-Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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