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Doneux T, Sorgho A, Soma F, Rayée Q, Bougouma M. Electrodeposition in Deep Eutectic Solvents: The "Obvious", the "Unexpected" and the "Wonders". Molecules 2024; 29:3439. [PMID: 39065016 PMCID: PMC11279597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are attracting considerable attention as non-conventional media for electrodeposition processes. This opinion contribution discusses the debated nature and definition of these solvents as well as some practical considerations of relevance when performing electrodeposition studies in DESs. Using a few illustrative case studies, it is shown that speciation is a key factor determining the electrochemical behaviour of chemical elements in different DESs, and that accounting for the speciation strong similarities can often be found with more conventional or more documented solvents. The need for thermodynamic data is emphasised and it is suggested to expand the composition range of these solvents beyond fixed ratios between the components to exploit the full potentialities of DESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doneux
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alassane Sorgho
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Physique Spatiale et Energétique (L@CAPSE), UFR/Sciences et Technologies (ST), Université Norbert ZONGO, Avenue Maurice Yameogo, Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Fousséni Soma
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Physique Spatiale et Energétique (L@CAPSE), UFR/Sciences et Technologies (ST), Université Norbert ZONGO, Avenue Maurice Yameogo, Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Quentin Rayée
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Moussa Bougouma
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Physique Spatiale et Energétique (L@CAPSE), UFR/Sciences et Technologies (ST), Université Norbert ZONGO, Avenue Maurice Yameogo, Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
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Tan Z, Li K, Gu Y, Nan Z, Wang W, Sun L, Mao B, Yan J. Unconventional Electrochemical Behaviors of Cu Underpotential Deposition in a Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent: High Underpotential Shift and Low Coverage. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6458-6466. [PMID: 37027511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The (5 × 5) Moiré pattern resulting from coadsorption of Cu atoms and chloride ions on the Au(111) electrode is one of the most classical structures for underpotential deposition (UPD) in electrochemical surface science. Although two models have been proposed to describe the pattern, the details of the structure remain ambiguous and controversial, leading to a question that remains to be answered. In this work, we investigate the UPD behaviors of Cu on the Au(111) electrode in a chloride-based deep eutectic solvent ethaline by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Benefiting from the properties of the ultraconcentrated electrolyte, we directly image not only Cu but also Cl adlayers by finely tuning tunneling conditions. The structure is unambiguously determined for both Cu and Cl adlayers, where an incommensurate Cu layer is adsorbed on the Au(111) surface with a Cu coverage of 0.64, while the Cl coverage is 0.32 (only half of the expected value); i.e., the atomic arrangement of the observed (5 × 5) Moiré pattern in ethaline matches neither of the models proposed in the literature. Meanwhile, STM results confirm the origin of the cathodic peak in the cyclic voltammogram, which indicates that the underpotential shift of Cu UPD in ethaline indeed increases by ca. 0.40 V compared to its counterpart in a sulfuric acid solution, resulting in a significant deviation from the linear relation between the underpotential shift and the difference in work functions proposed in the literature. The unconventional electrochemical behaviors of Cu UPD reveal the specialty of both the bulk and the interface in the chloride-based deep eutectic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ziang Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Uhl M, Geng T, Schuster PA, Schick BW, Kruck M, Fuoss A, Kuehne AJC, Jacob T. Combining Deep Eutectic Solvents with TEMPO-based Polymer Electrodes: Influence of Molar Ratio on Electrode Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214927. [PMID: 36336655 PMCID: PMC10107120 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For sustainable energy storage, all-organic batteries based on redox-active polymers promise to become an alternative to lithium ion batteries. Yet, polymers contribute to the goal of an all-organic cell as electrodes or as solid electrolytes. Here, we replace the electrolyte with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA), while using poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) as cathode. The successful combination of a DES with a polymer electrode is reported here for the first time. The electrochemical stability of PTMA electrodes in the DES at the eutectic molar ratio of 1 : 6 is comparable to conventional battery electrolytes. More viscous electrolytes with higher salt concentration can hinder cycling at high rates. Lower salt concentration leads to decreasing capacities and faster decomposition. The eutectic mixture of 1 : 6 is best suited uniting high stability and moderate viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Geng
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Kruck
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Fuoss
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Geng T, Schick BW, Uhl M, Kuehne AJC, Kibler LA, Ceblin MU, Jacob T. Influence of Chloride and Nitrate Anions on Copper Electrodeposition onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Geng
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institut für Elektrochemie GERMANY
| | | | - Matthias Uhl
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ludwig A. Kibler
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institut für Elektrochemie GERMANY
| | - Maximilian Urs Ceblin
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institut für Elektrochemie Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
| | - Timo Jacob
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institut für Elektrochemie GERMANY
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