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Gardner T, O'Hagan E, Gilanyi YL, McAuley JH, Jensen MP, Rizzo RR. Using hypnosis in clinical practice for the management of chronic pain: A qualitative study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2024; 119:108097. [PMID: 38065021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions used in chronic pain management do not routinely use clinical hypnosis (CH), despite evidence to suggest its effectiveness in improving pain outcomes. This study aimed to explore the beliefs and attitudes of clinicians' towards the implementation of CH in chronic pain management. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative analysis following online CH training. Clinicians working in three tertiary pain clinics, were recruited to participate in the online training program and invited to focus groups following completion of the training to explore beliefs and attitudes towards CH and the training program. RESULTS We identified three themes regarding barriers and two themes regarding facilitators to implementation of CH. Barriers: (i) misconceptions about CH, (ii) reduced confidence in implementing CH, and (iii) concerns about integrating CH with current treatment frameworks. Facilitators: (i) change in knowledge and attitude following training and (ii) an openness to exploring the technique and skills. The online training program was evaluated as positive with two themes: (i) training structure and (ii) training credibility. CONCLUSION Successful implementation of CH requires the development of training programs that address existing misconceptions of CH, allow for knowledge and skills acquisition, and adapt to the contextual setting within which the intervention is implemented. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Training of clinicians in the process and skills required to deliver clinical hypnosis for chronic pain should be supported to facilitate its successful implementation into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gardner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Pain Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Edel O'Hagan
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yannick L Gilanyi
- Centre for Pain IMPACT (Investigating Mechanisms of Pain to Advance Clinical Translation), Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James H McAuley
- Centre for Pain IMPACT (Investigating Mechanisms of Pain to Advance Clinical Translation), Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rodrigo Rn Rizzo
- Centre for Pain IMPACT (Investigating Mechanisms of Pain to Advance Clinical Translation), Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Rosendahl J, Alldredge CT, Haddenhorst A. Meta-analytic evidence on the efficacy of hypnosis for mental and somatic health issues: a 20-year perspective. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1330238. [PMID: 38268815 PMCID: PMC10807512 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1330238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Documented use and investigation of hypnosis spans centuries and its therapeutic use has received endorsement by multiple medical associations. We conducted a comprehensive overview of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of hypnosis to provide a foundational understanding of hypnosis in evidence-based healthcare, insight into the safety of hypnosis interventions, and identification of gaps in the current research literature. Methods In our systematic review, meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of hypnosis in patients with mental or somatic health problems compared to any control condition published after the year 2000 were included. A comprehensive literature search using Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, HTA Database, Web of Science and a manual search was conducted to identify eligible reviews. Methodological quality of the included meta-analyses was rated using the AMSTAR 2 tool. Effect estimates on various outcomes including at least three comparisons (k ≥ 3) were extracted and transformed into a common effect size metric (Cohen's d). If available, information on the certainty of evidence for these outcomes (GRADE assessment) was obtained. Results We included 49 meta-analyses with 261 distinct primary studies. Most robust evidence was reported for hypnosis in patients undergoing medical procedures (12 reviews, 79 distinct primary studies) and in patients with pain (4 reviews, 65 primary studies). There was a considerable overlap of the primary studies across the meta-analyses. Only nine meta-analyses were rated to have high methodological quality. Reported effect sizes comparing hypnosis against control conditions ranged from d = -0.04 to d = 2.72. Of the reported effects, 25.4% were medium (d ≥ 0.5), and 28.8% were large (d ≥ 0.8). Discussion Our findings underline the potential of hypnosis to positively impact various mental and somatic treatment outcomes, with the largest effects found in patients experiencing pain, patients undergoing medical procedures, and in populations of children/adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of moderators of efficacy, on comparing hypnosis to established interventions, on the efficacy of hypnosis for children and adolescents, and on identifying patients who do not benefit from hypnosis. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023395514, identifier CRD42023395514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rosendahl
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Cameron T. Alldredge
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Antonia Haddenhorst
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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Holler M, Koranyi S, Strauss B, Rosendahl J. Efficacy of Hypnosis in Adults Undergoing Surgical Procedures: A meta-analytic update. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 85:102001. [PMID: 33725512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this meta-analysis we updated a review from 2013 investigating the evidence on the efficacy of hypnosis in adults undergoing surgical procedures compared to standard care alone or an attention control. A comprehensive literature search using Medline, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database, and manual searches were conducted to identify randomized controlled trials. In this update, N = 23 eligible studies were added to the existing study pool, resulting in N = 50 studies with 4269 patients. Random effects meta-analyses revealed positive treatment effects on mental distress (g = 0.55, 95% CI [0.39; 0.70], NNT = 3.32), pain (g = 0.37, 95% CI [0.25; 0.50], NNT = 4.78), medication consumption (g = 0.46, 95% CI [0.23; 0.68], NNT = 3.95), recovery (g = 0.26, 95% CI [0.09; 0.42], NNT = 6.91), and surgical procedure time (g = 0.23, 95% CI [0.14; 0.33], NNT = 7.6). No effects were found for physiological parameters (g = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.06; 0.33], NNT = 13.26). 95% prediction intervals included the null effect for all outcomes except for procedure time. In conclusion, although positive effects of hypnosis could be shown, overall generalizability is limited due to high heterogeneity of the study results that could not be explained by characteristics of patients, interventions, or study methods.
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Howard HA. Promoting Safety in Hypnosis: A Clinical Instrument for the Assessment of Alertness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2017; 59:344-362. [PMID: 28300508 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2016.1203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis has long demonstrated its power to facilitate various approaches to psychotherapy. Like other potent modalities, hypnosis may produce unwanted effects. Although its negative sequelae are usually mild and transient, more serious complications may occur. Recently, attention has been drawn to the powerful role of failures of dehypnosis or alerting/realerting in producing unwanted effects. Traditionally, alerting has been viewed as a relatively uncomplicated process that requires little more than the simple suggestion that the subject will return or awaken from trance, and exiting from trance has generally been considered the cessation of the phenomena suggested during induction and thereafter. Newer findings challenge these assumptions and suggest that restoring the subject to a prehypnotic baseline level of alertness is of equal or greater importance. Here, I describe the Howard Alertness Scale (HAS), with which subjects can be made aware of their baseline levels of alertness to help them understand the unique ways that their trance states differ from their normal alert states, and assess and measure their subjective perception of alertness before and after hypnosis. Furthermore, regular use of the HAS holds potential to enhance both the therapeutic alliance and the patient's sense of safety and mastery. The development and use of the HAS is discussed along with three vignettes illustrating its clinical application.
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Potter C, Coulthard P, Brown R, Walsh T. Hypnosis for alleviation of anxiety in adults undergoing dental treatment. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010688.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Potter
- University of Leeds; Leeds Dental Institute; Clarendon Way Leeds UK LS2 9LU
| | - Paul Coulthard
- School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Coupland III Building, Oxford Road Manchester UK M13 9PL
| | - Richard Brown
- The University of Manchester; Department of Psychology; 2nd Floor, Zochonis Building Brunswick Street Manchester Greater Manchester UK M13 9WL
| | - Tanya Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester; JR Moore Building Oxford Road Manchester UK M13 9PL
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and the obstetric anaesthetist. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24:207-9. [PMID: 26139433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wallen GR, Middleton KR, Ames N, Brooks AT, Handel D. Randomized trial of hypnosis as a pain and symptom management strategy in adults with sickle cell disease. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2014; 9:25-33. [PMID: 25520557 PMCID: PMC4219848 DOI: 10.4137/imi.s18355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disease in African-Americans, characterized by recurrent painful vaso-occlusive crises. Medical therapies for controlling or preventing crises are limited because of efficacy and/or toxicity. This is a randomized, controlled, single-crossover protocol of hypnosis for managing pain in SCD patients. Participants receive hypnosis from a trained hypnosis therapist followed by six weeks of self-hypnosis using digital media. Those in the control arm receive SCD education followed by a six-week waiting period before crossing over to the hypnosis arm of the study. Outcome measures include assessments of pain (frequency, intensity and quality), anxiety, coping strategies, sleep, depression, and health care utilization. To date, there are no published randomized, controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of hypnosis on SCD pain modulation in adults. Self-hypnosis for pain management may be helpful in modulating chronic pain, improving sleep quality, and decreasing use of narcotics in patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenyth R Wallen
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nancy Ames
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa T Brooks
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Hypnotherapy is an integrative mind-body technique with therapeutic potential in various health care applications, including labor and birth. Evaluating the efficacy of this modality in controlled studies can be difficult, because of methodologic challenges, such as obtaining adequate sample sizes and standardizing experimental conditions. Women using hypnosis techniques for childbirth in hospital settings may face barriers related to caregiver resistance or institutional policies. The potential anxiolytic and analgesic effects of clinical hypnosis for childbirth merit further study. Nurses caring for women during labor and birth can increase their knowledge and skills with strategies for supporting hypnotherapeutic techniques.
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of identifying and addressing failures of realerting or dehypnosis. In parallel with the exploration of the adverse consequences of hypnosis in workshop settings, a number of techniques for effecting realerting subjects from hypnosis were collected. Some of these techniques are well-known, some were developed by applying techniques developed for other purposes to the task of realerting, and some were developed by the author when other known techniques proved unsuccessful or were rejected by subjects requiring dehypnosis. This article reports 15 techniques, three of which are foundational and designed to orient the subject to becoming realerted, and 12 more specific approaches to achieving dehypnosis. When appropriate, the particular opportunities of and the potential difficulties and relative contraindications for each technique are discussed.
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Eimer BN. Immediate and delayed negative effects of hypnosis in clinical, research, educational, and entertainment settings. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2012; 55:4-7. [PMID: 22913224 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2013.686399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kluft RP. Enhancing workshop safety: learning from colleagues' adverse experiences (part I--structure/content). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2012; 55:85-103. [PMID: 22913229 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2012.659359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that unwanted responses to hypnosis during training workshops are not uncommon, and usually are covert (Kluft, 2012). Adverse events usually occurred subsequent to inadequate realerting from previous experiences of hypnosis. Inadequate realerting almost invariably was associated with unsuccessful permissive instructions for dehypnosis. Further, workshop faculty tended to accept partial dehypnosis as adequate dehypnosis. This article, the first of two related communications, offers 13 suggestions for minimizing workshops participants' risk of experiencing adverse events. It recommends safer replacements for techniques and stances often associated with adverse outcomes, and advocates using measures of alertness, such as the Howard Alertness Scale (Howard, 2008) to identify those at risk for unsuccessful realerting and the problems associated with it. Additional safety-related recommendations are communicated in Part II.
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Eimer BN. Inadvertent adverse consequences of clinical and forensic hypnosis: minimizing the risks. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2012; 55:8-31. [PMID: 22913225 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2012.686071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis is a psychological intervention tool that can make a gamut of psychological, medical, and dental treatments work more rapidly and effectively. It can also be used profitably with some witnesses, victims, and defendants in forensic and investigative contexts as a data gathering tool. As with any other power tool, its use entails some risks. Since risks cannot be totally avoided, this article examines some ways to minimize the risks of inadvertent adverse or negative consequences as a result of the use of the hypnosis tool. Fundamentals of hypnosis risk management are covered as a foundation for beginners and as a review for experienced practitioners. Various straightforward safeguards that should be heeded by all practitioners are discussed.
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Kluft RP. Hypnosis in the Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder and Allied States: An Overview and Case Study. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/008124631204200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis played a prominent role in the first successful treatment of the condition now known as dissociative identity disorder (DID) by Antoine Despine in the 1830s, and continues to be employed in its treatment in the twenty-first century. Despite its venerable history as a therapeutic modality for this condition, controversy has often compromised the acceptance of hypnosis by the healing professions. In this article, it will be argued that given the nature of hypnosis and that hypnotizability, a genetically mediated capacity, is high in dissociative disorder populations, it is inevitable that hypnosis will play a role in the treatment of DID patients, whether this is acknowledged or not. Thereafter, the roles hypnotically facilitated techniques might play will be reviewed, and the application of several of these techniques in the treatment of a DID patient will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Kluft
- 111 Presidential Boulevard, Suite 238, Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004, USA
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Plaskota M, Lucas C, Evans R, Pizzoferro K, Saini T, Cook K. A hypnotherapy intervention for the treatment of anxiety in patients with cancer receiving palliative care. Int J Palliat Nurs 2012; 18:69-75. [PMID: 22399044 DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2012.18.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Lucas
- Palliative Medicine, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey
| | - Rosie Evans
- Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher, Surrey, KT10 8NA, England
| | | | - Treena Saini
- Palliative Medicine, Meadow House Hospice, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex
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Kluft RP. Issues in the detection of those suffering adverse effects in hypnosis training workshops. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2012; 54:213-32. [PMID: 22443024 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2011.631228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing safety in hypnosis workshops is an issue of significant concern in the progress and promulgation of hypnosis as a facilitator of treatment. In general, hypnosis is a safe modality, but occasional adverse effects are encountered in its use in clinical, research, and professional workshop settings. To develop and implement modifications designed to reduce the number and/or severity of such unfortunate incidents in workshop settings, it is necessary to establish an awareness of the nature and implications of these adverse events. This article describes 9 categories of problem presentations known to have been generated in workshop settings. It also discusses a particular constellation of factors that--without imputing blame to either faculty or to workshop participants--creates powerful forces that minimize the likelihood that adverse effects will either be recognized by faculty or reported by workshop participants.
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Pekala RJ, Kumar VK, Maurer RL, Elliott-Carter N, Moon E, Mullen K. Positive affect, negative affect, and negative effects during a phenomenological hypnotic assessment within a substance abuse population. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2009; 57:64-93. [PMID: 19031234 DOI: 10.1080/00207140802463674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative affect generated while using the Phenomenology of Consciousness--Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP) on a sample of drug and alcohol users were predicted using several variables. The results were then cross-validated on a second, smaller sample. The results suggest that, although some negative affect was reported, the PCI-HAP was more likely to generate positive, rather than negative, affect. Positive affect was related to the vividness of a suggested hypnotic dream during hypnosis and also hypnotic depth; these findings were replicated upon cross-validation. Although negative affect correlated with the Dissociative Experiences Scale scores and falling asleep, these results did not replicate upon cross-validation. Mild transient negative effects (e.g., headache) were reported by about 10% of the participants in a smaller, second sample. Implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Pekala
- Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19380-2765, USA.
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Gruzelier J, Pascalis VD, Jamieson G, Laidlaw T, Naito A, Bennett B, Dwivedi P. Relations between hypnotizability and psychopathology revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gruzelier J, Gray M, Horn P. The involvement of frontally modulated attention in hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility: cortical evoked potential evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Page RA, Green J. Are recommendations to avoid hypnotic aftereffects being implemented? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gruzelier JH. Frontal functions, connectivity and neural efficiency underpinning hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jamieson GA, Gruzelier JH. Hypnotic susceptibility is positively related to a subset of schizotypy items. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gruzelier JH. Theory, methods and new directions in the psychophysiology of the schizophrenic process and schizotypy. Int J Psychophysiol 2003; 48:221-45. [PMID: 12763575 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical and methodological issues in the psychophysiology of the schizophrenic process are reviewed. These include the importance of schizotypy with its compensatory abilities as well as deficits for elucidating the processes of development and prevention of schizophrenia. The importance of individual differences, syndromes and single case studies. The recognition that this is a dynamic and fluctuating illness and hence the relevance of functional neurophysiology, including the role of imbalances in hemispheric activation in ontogeny, developmental course, expression of symptoms, the effects of neuroleptics and recovery process, and the influence of stress a precipitant of breakdown. The role of thalamo-cortical activation systems. The particular value of electrocortical measures including the interrelations of electroencephalographic rhythms throughout the spectrum, and relations of gamma, dynamic core neuronal complexity, connectivity and sensory gating with experiences of unreality and disturbances of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Gruzelier
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Medial Faculty, Imperial College London, St. Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.
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Biley FC. Primum non nocere: thoughts on the need to develop an 'adverse events' register for complementary and alternative therapies. COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN NURSING & MIDWIFERY 2002; 8:57-61. [PMID: 12188158 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2002.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Building a body of knowledge to support the efficacy and practice of complementary and alternative therapies is an imperative that should be fully embraced by all those involved. Additional endeavours to monitor adverse events related to complementary and alternative therapies should also be pursued. The history and extent of medical iatrogenesis is briefly outlined, as is the literature on adverse events related to complementary and alternative therapies. Allopathic medicine is slowly realising the negative impact of iatrogenesis and is starting to develop systems to monitor such events in order to reduce or eliminate their existence. It is suggested that a similar development is needed in complementary and alternative therapies, so that it can be ensured that, at a minimum, primum non nocere, the therapy should firstly do no harm.
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