1
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Tomlovich RA, Lash TD. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties, and Metalation of 3-Alkoxybenziporphyrins. Molecules 2024; 29:1903. [PMID: 38675721 PMCID: PMC11054816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of 5-alkoxy-1,3-benzenedicarbaldehydes and related dimers were prepared in three steps from dimethyl 5-hydroxyisophthalate. Acid catalyzed condensation of the dialdehydes with a tripyrrane dicarboxylic acid, followed by oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, afforded good yields of 3-alkoxybenziporphyrins, although dimeric tetraaldehydes failed to give isolatable porphyrinoid products. Proton NMR spectroscopy gave no indication of an aromatic ring current, but addition of trifluoroacetic acid resulted in the formation of dications that exhibited weakly diatropic characteristics. Spectroscopic titration with TFA demonstrated that stepwise protonation took place, generating monocationic and dicationic species. 3-Alkoxybenziporphyrins reacted with nickel(II) or palladium(II) acetate to give the related nickel(II) or palladium(II) complexes. These stable organometallic derivatives showed increased diatropic properties that were most pronounced for the palladium(II) complexes. These unique porphyrinoids provide further insights into the properties of benziporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA;
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2
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Xu H, Fan H, Luan Y, Yan S, Martin L, Miao R, Pauly F, Meyhofer E, Reddy P, Linke H, Wärnmark K. Electrical Conductance and Thermopower of β-Substituted Porphyrin Molecular Junctions─Synthesis and Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23541-23555. [PMID: 37874166 PMCID: PMC10623571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions offer significant potential for enhancing thermoelectric power generation. Quantum interference effects and associated sharp features in electron transmission are expected to enable the tuning and enhancement of thermoelectric properties in molecular junctions. To systematically explore the effect of quantum interferences, we designed and synthesized two new classes of porphyrins, P1 and P2, with two methylthio anchoring groups in the 2,13- and 2,12-positions, respectively, and their Zn complexes, Zn-P1 and Zn-P2. Past theory suggests that P1 and Zn-P1 feature destructive quantum interference in single-molecule junctions with gold electrodes and may thus show high thermopower, while P2 and Zn-P2 do not. Our detailed experimental single-molecule break-junction studies of conductance and thermopower, the latter being the first ever performed on porphyrin molecular junctions, revealed that the electrical conductance of the P1 and Zn-P1 junctions is relatively close, and the same holds for P2 and Zn-P2, while there is a 6 times reduction in the electrical conductance between P1 and P2 type junctions. Further, we observed that the thermopower of P1 junctions is slightly larger than for P2 junctions, while Zn-P1 junctions show the largest thermopower and Zn-P2 junctions show the lowest. We relate the experimental results to quantum transport theory using first-principles approaches. While the conductance of P1 and Zn-P1 junctions is robustly predicted to be larger than those of P2 and Zn-P2, computed thermopowers depend sensitively on the level of theory and the single-molecule junction geometry. However, the predicted large difference in conductance and thermopower values between Zn-P1 and Zn-P2 derivatives, suggested in previous model calculations, is not supported by our experimental and theoretical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Xu
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 121, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hao Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 121, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shen Yan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - León Martin
- Institute
of Physics and Centre for Advanced Analytics and Predictive Sciences, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ruijiao Miao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Institute
of Physics and Centre for Advanced Analytics and Predictive Sciences, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid State
Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 121, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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3
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Aromatic Character and Relative Stability of Pyrazoloporphyrin Tautomers and Related Protonated Species: Insights into How Pyrazole Changes the Properties of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062854. [PMID: 36985826 PMCID: PMC10056226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoloporphyrins (PzPs), which are porphyrin analogues incorporating a pyrazole subunit, are examples of carbaporphyrin-type structures with a carbon atom within the macrocyclic cavity. DFT calculations were used to assess a series of 17 PzP tautomers, nine monoprotonated species and four related diprotonated PzP dications. The geometries of the structures were optimized using M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p), and the relative stabilities computed with the cc-PVTZ functional. Nucleus independent chemical shifts, both NICS(0) and NICS(1)zz, were calculated, and the anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD) plots were generated for all of the species under investigation. The results for free base PzPs show that fully aromatic PzP tautomers are not significantly more stable than weakly aromatic cross-conjugated species. In addition, strongly aromatic structures with internal CH2's are much less stable, a feature that is also seen for protonated PzPs. The degree of planarity for the individual macrocycles does not significantly correlate with the stability of these structures. The results allow significant aromatic conjugation pathways to be identified in many cases, and provide insights into the aromatic properties of this poorly studied system. These investigations also complement experimental results for PzPs and emphasize the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Sahoo S, Jana M, Rath H. Tailor-made aromatic porphyrinoids with NIR absorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1834-1859. [PMID: 35028653 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highlight of this article is the recent progress in the state-of-the-art synthetic design and isolation of artificial porphyrinoids by swapping pyrrole component(s) with diverse functionalized pyrrolic(heterocyclic)/carbacycle building block(s) to compare the impact on the electronic absorption spectra and aromaticity of the incorporated isomeric/expanded porphyrinoids. Attention has been directed towards five distinct criteria of utilizing functionalized pyrrolic(heterocyclic)/aromatic hydrocarbons as synthons for NIR absorbing aromatic isomeric (N-confusion)/expanded porphyrinoids (with five/six heterocycles): (i) fused or annelated pyrrole (heterocycle), (ii) functionalized bi-pyrrole/bi-thiophene/bi-furan building blocks, (iii) azulene based carbacycle building block, (iv) vinylogous aromatic carbacycle/heterocycle(s) building block and (v) N-confused pyrrole ring(s), and N-confused fused pyrrole ring(s) leading to π-extension. These hybrid porphyrinoids are ideal candidates for basic research into macrocyclic aromaticity and for many potential applications owing to NIR absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S. C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
| | - Manik Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S. C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
| | - Harapriya Rath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S. C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
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7
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Extended porphyrinoid chromophores: heteroporphyrins fused to phenanthrene and acenaphthylene. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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9
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Cillo CM, Geiger MA, Lash TD. Exploring the limitations of the MacDonald ‘3 + 1’ condensation in the preparation of porphyrins with fused electron-withdrawing heterocyclic rings: Synthesis of a bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin and a related benzocarbaporphyrin. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Latham AN, Lash TD. Synthesis and Characterization of N-Methylporphyrins, Heteroporphyrins, Carbaporphyrins, and Related Systems. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13050-13068. [PMID: 32940469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MacDonald-type "3 + 1" condensations of an N-methyltripyrrane with a series of dialdehydes afforded a matched set of N-methylporphyrins, N-methylheteroporphyrins, N-methyloxybenziporphyrin, N-methyloxypyriporphyrin, N-methyltropiporphyrin, and a N-methylcarbaporphyrin aldehyde. meso-Unsubstituted heteroporphyrins have been little explored previously, and this strategy was also used to prepare N-unsubstituted 21-oxa-, 21-thia-, and 21-selenaporphyrins. In every case, the N-methylporphyrinoids exhibited weaker, bathochromically shifted UV-Vis absorptions compared to their core unsubstituted congeners. However, proton NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that these derivatives retained strong diamagnetic ring currents and the presence of the internal alkyl substituents had little effect on the global aromatic characteristics. Nevertheless, the UV-Vis spectra of N-methyl-oxybenzi- and N-methyl-oxypyriporphyrins were dramatically altered and gave greatly weakened absorptions. N-Methyl-oxybenzi- and N-methyltropiporphyrins reacted with palladium(II) acetate to give stable palladium(II) complexes, demonstrating that N-alkylation alters the metalation properties for these carbaporphyrinoids. The organometallic derivatives also retained strongly aromatic properties, and the proton NMR spectra showed the N-methyl resonances near -3 ppm. N-Methylcarbaporphyrin-2-carbaldehyde also gave a palladium(II) complex, but this gradually rearranged at higher temperatures to afford a C-methyl complex. The results demonstrate that core alkylation of porphyrinoids greatly alters the reactivity and spectroscopic properties for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa N Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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11
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Abstract
Examples of internally alkylated azuliporphyrins were prepared by MacDonald-type “3 + 1” condensations. 2-Methyl- and 2-ethylazulene reacted with an acetoxymethylpyrrole in the presence of an acid catalyst to give azulitripyrranes. Following cleavage of the terminal protective groups, condensation with a diformylpyrrole in the presence of hydrochloric acid and oxidation with ferric chloride afforded 21-alkylazuliporphyrins. An azulene dialdehyde similarly reacted with an [Formula: see text]-methyltripyrrane to generate a 23-methylazuliporphyrin. The products could only be isolated in protonated form and the free-base internally alkylated azuliporphyrins proved to be unstable. Nevertheless, the dications are highly diatropic and the internal alkyl group resonances were shifted upfield to beyond -3 ppm. Reaction of a 23-methylazuliporphyrin with palladium(II) acetate primarily afforded a palladium(II) complex with loss of the internal methyl substituent. However, two palladium(II) benzocarbaporphyrins were also identified that were formed by sequential oxidative ring contraction and methyl group migration. Internally alkylated azuliporphyrins provide new insights into the reactivity of the system and the results show that the introduction of alkyl substituents within porphyrinoid cavities greatly modifies the properties of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S. D. Moriones
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Alissa N. Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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12
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Latham AN, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Metalation and Methyl Group Migration in 21-, 22-, and 23-Methylcarbaporphyrins: Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium(II), Rhodium(I), and Rhodium(III) Derivatives. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa N. Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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14
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Sandland J, Malatesti N, Boyle R. Porphyrins and related macrocycles: Combining photosensitization with radio- or optical-imaging for next generation theranostic agents. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:281-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Self-condensation of N-substituted (4 H -thieno[3,2- b ]-pyrrol-5-yl)methanols into bis(thienopyrrolyl)methanes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Uno H, Tagawa K, Mori S, Okujima T, Takase M, Nakae T. Synthesis and Properties of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene- and Benzene-Fused Bis(thiaporphyrin)s. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577
| | - Kazunari Tagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577
| | - Takahiro Nakae
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Li
- Department of Chemistry; Illinois State University; 61790-4160 Normal Illinois USA
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry; Illinois State University; 61790-4160 Normal Illinois USA
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18
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Pokharel K, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Late transition metal complexes of oxypyriporphyrin and the platinum(II) complex of oxybenziporphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Even though oxypyriporphyrin, a pyridone-containing porphyrinoid system, has the equivalent coordination core to true porphyrins, its coordination chemistry has been little explored. In this study, the first examples of palladium(II), platinum(II) and silver(II) oxypyriporphyrins have been synthesized. Conventional conditions failed to result in the formation of a platinum(II) complex, but moderate yields were obtained when oxypyriporphyrin was reacted with platinum(II) chloride in refluxing mixtures of DMF and acetic acid containing potassium acetate. The palladium(II) and platinum(II) derivatives were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structurally analogous carbaporphyrinoid system oxybenziporphyrin was also shown to react with platinum(II) chloride under the same conditions to give a platinum(II) hydroxybenziporphyrin complex. Unlike oxybenziporphyrin, this complex is only weakly diatropic. In the presence of base, the diatropic character was reasserted to afford an aromatic anionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Pokharel
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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19
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Calvete MJF, Dias LD, Henriques CA, Pinto SMA, Carrilho RMB, Pereira MM. A Cost-Efficient Method for Unsymmetrical Meso-Aryl Porphyrin Synthesis Using NaY Zeolite as an Inorganic Acid Catalyst. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050741. [PMID: 28475140 PMCID: PMC6154588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of unsymmetrical meso-aryl substituted porphyrins, using NaY zeolite as an inorganic acid catalyst. A comparative study between this method and the several synthetic strategies available in the literature was carried out. Our method presented a better, more cost-efficient rationale and displayed a significantly lower environmental impact. Furthermore, it was possible to verify the scalability of the process as well as the reutilization of the inorganic catalyst NaY (up to 6 times) without significant yield decrease. In addition, this method was applied to the synthesis of several other unsymmetrical porphyrins, from a low melting point porphyrin to mono-carboxylated halogenated unsymmetrical porphyrins, in yields higher than those found in the literature. Additionally, for the first time, two acetamide functionalized halogenated porphyrins were prepared in high yields. This methodology opens the way to the preparation of high yielding functionalized porphyrins, which can be easily immobilized for a variety of applications, either in catalysis or in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J F Calvete
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lucas D Dias
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - César A Henriques
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sara M A Pinto
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rui M B Carrilho
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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20
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Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 1. Baeyer–Villiger‐Oxidation Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University One University Plaza 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
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21
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Li R, Zeller M, Bruhn T, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 3. Schmidt‐Reaction Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| | - Mathias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University One University Plaza 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
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22
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Li R, Meehan E, Zeller M, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 2. Beckmann‐Rearrangement Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06368‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Eileen Meehan
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06368‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Mathias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06368‐3060 Storrs CT USA
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23
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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25
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Abstract
First reported in 1997, azuliporphyrins have proven to be a truly remarkable family of porphyrin analogues. In this system, although the porphyrin framework is retained, one of the pyrrolic moieties has been replaced by an azulene unit. Azulene favors electrophilic substitution at the 1,3-positions, which are structurally analogous to the α-positions in pyrrole, and this property facilitates the construction of azulene-containing porphyrinoid systems. Azuliporphyrins were first prepared from tripyrranes and 1,3-azulenedicarbaldehyde using a "3 + 1" variant on the MacDonald reaction. Subsequently, azulenes were shown to react with acetoxymethylpyrroles under acidic conditions to generate azulitripyrranes that could be utilized in a back-to-front "3 + 1" methodology to form azuliporphyrins and related heteroporphyrinoids. In addition, the favorability of azulenes toward 1,3-substitution was applied to one-pot syntheses of tetraarylazuliporphyrins and calix[4]azulenes. Azuliporphyrins have significant diatropic character that is greatly enhanced upon protonation. They have been shown to form organometallic complexes with Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Ir(III), Rh(III), and Ru(II) and undergo selective oxidations at the internal carbon with copper(II) or silver(I) salts to afford 21-oxyazuliporphyrins. In addition, oxidative ring contractions readily occur under basic conditions in the presence of peroxides to give benzocarbaporphyrins, and this reactivity provides access to tetraarylbenzocarbaporphyrins and their organometallic derivatives. A diazulenylmethane dialdehyde has been shown to react with dipyrrylmethanes in the presence of HCl or HBr to give diazuliporphyrins that were isolated in a monoprotonated form, and metalation with palladium(II) acetate afforded a stable zwitterionic palladium(II) complex. Equally intriguing dicarbaporphyrinoids incorporating indene and azulene rings have been reported, and these systems exhibit significant aromatic character. Recent studies have demonstrated that calixazulenes form supramolecular complexes with quaternary ammonium salts and afford a 1:1 complex with C60. In addition, conjugated structures have been prepared from calixazulenes that are structurally related to quatyrin, the theoretically important hydrocarbon analogue of the porphyrins. Examples of expanded azuliporphyrinoids have also been described. These azulene-containing porphyrinoids exhibit unique and complex reactivity that compares favorably with better studied porphyrin analogue systems such as the N-confused porphyrins, and azuliporphyrin derivatives show promise in the development of new catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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26
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Henriques CA, Pinto SMA, Pina J, Serpa C, Fernandes A, Rossi LM, Ribeiro MF, Pereira MM, Calvete MJF. Cost-efficient method for unsymmetrical meso-aryl porphyrins and iron oxide-porphyrin hybrids prepared thereof. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:16211-16220. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterisation and photophysical properties of magnetic iron oxide-porphyrin hybrids starting from unsymmetrical porphyrins, which are prepared by a cost-efficient methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Henriques
- CQC
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Sara M. A. Pinto
- CQC
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - João Pina
- CQC
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Auguste Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Liane M. Rossi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 05508-000 São Paulo
- Brasil
| | - M. Filipa Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Mariette M. Pereira
- CQC
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Mário J. F. Calvete
- CQC
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
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27
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Ishii Y, Ito S, Saito Y, Uno D, Oba T. Synthesis of [2,3]naphthoporphyrins using 4,9-dihydro-4,9-ethano-2H-benz[f]isoindole as a benz[f]isoindole equivalent. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Stateman LM, Lash TD. Syntheses of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems Using a Carbatripyrrin Methodology. Org Lett 2015; 17:4522-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Stateman
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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29
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Chang CK. Paul Rothemund and S. Ferguson MacDonald, and their Namesake Reactions - The Influence of the Fischer School on my Life in Porphyrin Chemistry. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201500043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Meehan E, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Octaethyl-1,3-oxazinochlorin: A β-Octaethylchlorin Analogue Made by Pyrrole Expansion. Org Lett 2015; 17:2210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Meehan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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31
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Lash TD. Benziporphyrins, a unique platform for exploring the aromatic characteristics of porphyrinoid systems. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7846-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benziporphyrins and related systems exhibit a wide range of properties and may possess nonaromatic, strongly aromatic or even antiaromatic characteristics.
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32
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AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis of an adj-Dicarbaporphyrin and the Formation of an Unprecedented Tripalladium Sandwich Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6763-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502795x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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33
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Li R, Lammer AD, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Aromatic Characteristics, and Metalation of Neo-Confused Porphyrins, a Newly Discovered Class of Porphyrin Isomers. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4078-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aaron D. Lammer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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35
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Relative stability of benziporphyrin and naphthiporphyrin tautomers and the emergence of macrocyclic diatropicity. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8719-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformations and relative stabilities of a series of benziporphyrin and naphthiporphyrin tautomers were calculated and the diatropic properties of each of these species were assessed. The results were in good agreement with experimental observations and allow favorable delocalization pathways to be identified.
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36
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AbuSalim DI, Merfeld ML, Lash TD. Dicarbaporphyrinoid Systems. Synthesis of Oxo-adj-dibenziphlorins. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10360-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401756q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Michelle L. Merfeld
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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37
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38
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Li R, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis of a neo-confused porphyrin and an unusual dihydroporphyrin derivative. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7537-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Chang Y, Chen H, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Schütt C, Herges R, Shen Z. A 20π-Electron Heteroporphyrin Containing a Thienopyrrole Unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Chang Y, Chen H, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Schütt C, Herges R, Shen Z. A 20π-electron heteroporphyrin containing a thienopyrrole unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12801-5. [PMID: 23143682 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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41
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Lash TD, Bergman KM. Further Observations on Conformational and Substituent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed “3 + 1” Cyclizations of Tripyrranes with Aromatic Dialdehydes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
| | - Katrina M. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
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42
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Abstract
Vogel discovered a large number of bridged annulene structures, including constitutional porphyrin isomers, heteroporphyrinoid species such as the tetraoxaporphyrin dication, corrole isomers and novel expanded porphyrinoid systems. In this review, the impact of Vogel's work on the author's research program is discussed. Carbaporphyrinoid systems with one or two carbocyclic rings replacing the usual pyrrole subunits have been synthesized and their diatropic characteristics can be related to the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways within these macrocycles. The preparation of a dideazaporphyrin also provides strong support for the concept, espoused by Vogel, that porphyrins are examples of bridged annulenes. Ring contractions of azuliporphyrins to benzocarbaporphyrins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of base have been proposed to involve a Cope rearrangement where a cycloheptatriene unit rearranges to give a norcaradiene-fused carbaporphyrinoid, followed elimination of tert-butyl alcohol, and Vogel's investigations into these types of valence tautomerization processes provides insights into these unusual transformations. In addition, a new class of porphyrin isomers has been synthesized and these porphyrin analogs extend the observations previously made for N-confused porphyrins and Vogel's constitutional isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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43
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Abstract
Common methods available for the preparation of useful porphyrins from naturally derived heme and by total synthesis from monopyrroles are presented. Such porphyrins can be used for numerous reactivity and structural modification studies of the type which will be presented in minisymposia (including that entitled ‘Syntheses and Chemistry of Porphyrins’) at the First International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- KEVIN M. SMITH
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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44
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Abstract
The aromatic nature of porphyrins is commonly attributed to the presence of an [18]annulene substructure. However, this viewpoint has been disputed. Drawing on a range of examples of carbaporphyrinoid systems from the author's own studies, the [18]annulene model is shown to be a self-consistent and insightful approach for considering the aromatic properties of these porphyrin analogs. Benziporphyrins provide a continuum of porphyrinoid structures that range from nonaromatic to highly aromatic species and the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways provides an excellent explanation for the variations in their properties. The same type of analysis is applied to carbaporphyrins, tropiporphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, pyrazoloporphyrins and dicarbaporphyrins. Nevertheless, these properties might also be explained by a 22π electron delocalization model proposed by Schleyer. The [18]annulene model gains further support from the properties of dideazaporphyrins which cannot take part in this type of 22π electron delocalization but nevertheless retain porphyrin-like aromatic properties. These results support the concept that porphyrins are bridged [18]annulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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45
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Abstract
Tripyrrane dibenzyl esters are readily available from the reaction of
two equivalents of 5-acetoxymethylpyrrole-2-carboxylates with
2,5-diunsubstituted pyrroles in refluxing acetic acid-ethanol.
Hydrogenolysis of the benzyl ester moieties affords the corresponding
dicarboxylic acids, and subsequent condensation with 2,5-diformylpyrroles in
5% trifluoroacetic acid-dichloromethane, followed by neutralization with
triethylamine and oxidation with DDQ, gives porphyrin products in good to
excellent yields. The isomeric purity of these products has been rigorously
demonstrated by proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. This chemistry allows
the direct synthesis of porphyrin structures that would otherwise only be
accessible via multistep procedures. In addition, this approach provides a
convenient synthetic entry to the geochemically important
tetrahydrobenzoporphyrins and cycloalkanoporphyrins. The first examples of
tripyrranes with tetrahydroindole subunits are reported and their utility in
the synthesis of novel cycloalkanoporphyrins is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TIMOTHY D. LASH
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
61790-4160, USA
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46
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Lash TD, Lammer AD, Idate AS, Colby DA, White K. Preparation of Azulene-Derived Fulvenedialdehydes and Their Application to the Synthesis of Stable adj-Dicarbaporphyrinoids. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2368-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2026977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aaron D. Lammer
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aparna S. Idate
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Kristen White
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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47
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48
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Abstract
Porphine is the parent compound of a family of biologically and chemically relevant compounds called porphyrins. The potential of these compounds is enormous and it would be advantageous to use the porphine (porphyrin) unit as a building block for the synthesis of diverse porphyrin complexes with a wide range of applications. However, despite first being synthesized over 70 years ago, porphine has not been utilized to its full extent due to low yield syntheses and poor solubility. Recent advances have now overcome many of these problems. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the advances made in porphine chemistry to illustrate the inherent potential of this simple compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mia Davis
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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49
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Gunter MJ, Tang H, Warrener RN. Establishing a library of porphyrin building blocks for superstructured assemblies: porphyrin dienes and dienophiles for cycloaddition reactions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424602000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and utility of a series of porphyrins with (masked) diene and dienophile functionality are described. The key porphyrin diene is synthesised from a sulfolenopyrrole by a 3+1 strategy. A range of Diels-Alder cycloadducts is readily accessed from the diene by mild thermal extrusion of sulfur dioxide from the sulfolenoporphyrin, which produces the reactive porphodimethylidene. Each of these cycloadducts is fused to the porphyrin nucleus through a cyclohexene ring thus retaining some conformational flexibility in the resultant structures. The structures can be rigidified by mild oxidation to the corresponding benzo-derivatives. Diels-Alder reaction of the porphyrin 1,3-diene resulting from the sulfolenoporphyrin with norbornadiene produces the norbornene derivative, which can serve as a dienophile or dipolarophile in subsequent cycloaddition reactions. Nevertheless, a preferred route to this structure is through a corresponding 1+3 route, where the norbornene component is part of the tripyrrane. Extension of the synthetic protocols allows ready access to a “mixed function” porphyrin, containing both diene and dienophile components. Likewise, the synthesis of a bis-norbornene porphyrin is described. A collection of each of these reactive components is the basis for a library of building blocks which allows easy and simple entry to a wide variety of complex porphyrin-containing superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Gunter
- Division of Chemistry, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Hesheng Tang
- Division of Chemistry, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Ronald N. Warrener
- Centre for Molecular Architecture, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld 4072, Australia
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50
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Heteroporphyrins. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396531-8.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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