1
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Hütter M, Schöpfer G, Salzburger M, Beyer MK, Ončák M. Master equation modeling of water dissociation in small ionic water clusters: Ag +(H 2O) n , n = 4-6. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22185-22194. [PMID: 39005253 PMCID: PMC11244579 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We model temperature-dependent blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) rate coefficients of Ag+(H2O) n , n = 4-6, a system with loosely bound water molecules. We employ a master equation modeling (MEM) approach with consideration of absorption and emission of blackbody radiation, comparing single and multiple-well descriptions. The unimolecular dissociation rate coefficients are obtained using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory, employing two approaches to model the sum of states in the transition state, the rigid activated complex (RAC) and the phase space limit (PSL) approach. A genetic algorithm is used to find structures of low-lying isomers for the kinetic modeling. We show that the multiple-well MEM approach with PSL RRKM in the All Wells and Transition States Are Relevant (AWATAR) variant provides a reliable description of Ag+(H2O) n BIRD, in agreement with previously published experimental data. Higher-lying isomers contribute significantly to the overall dissociation rate coefficient, underlying the importance of the multiple-well ansatz in which all isomers are treated on the same footing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hütter
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Gabriel Schöpfer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Magdalena Salzburger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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2
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Shi Y, Li M, Jia N, Shi R, Su Y. Structures and bonding characteristics of KCl(H2O)n clusters with n = 1-10 based on density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114316. [PMID: 38506288 DOI: 10.1063/5.0194237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aqueous inorganic salt solutions play a prominent role in both physiological and chemical experiments, and significant attention has been directed toward understanding the mechanisms underlying salt dissolution. In our effort to elucidate the hydration process of potassium chloride, we employed a comprehensive genetic algorithm to explore the structures of KCl(H2O)n (n = 1-10). A series of stable structures were identified by high-level ab initio optimization and single-point energy calculations with a zero-point energy correction. An analysis of the probability distribution of KCl(H2O)1-10 revealed that clusters with high probability at low temperatures exhibit reduced probabilities at higher temperatures, while others become more prevalent. When n = 1-9, the contact ion pair configurations or partially dissociated structures dominate in the system, and the probability distribution plot shows that the proportion of the solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) structures of KCl(H2O)n is very small, while the SSIP configuration in KCl(H2O)10 becomes a stable structure with increasing temperature. The results from natural bond orbital analysis reveal a stronger interaction between chloride ions and water molecules. These findings provide valuable insights for a more comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of potassium chloride dissolution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mengxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- School of Mathematics and Physics Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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3
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Wei Z, Xu H, Xu X, Feng G, Zheng W, Li T. Solvation of magnesium chloride dimer in water: The case of anionic and neutral clusters. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2888211. [PMID: 37140000 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures of magnesium chloride dimer-water clusters, (MgCl2)2(H2O)n-/0, were investigated with size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to understand the dissolution of magnesium chloride in water. The most stable structures were confirmed by comparing vertical detachment energies (VDEs) with the experimental measurements. A dramatic drop of VDE at n = 3 has been observed in the experiment, which is in accordance with the structural change of (MgCl2)2(H2O)n-. Compared to the neutral clusters, the excess electron induces two significant phenomena in (MgCl2)2(H2O)n-. First, the planar D2h geometry can be converted into a C3v structure at n = 0, making the Mg-Cl bonds easier to be broken by water molecules. More importantly, a negative charge-transfer-to-solvent process occurs after adding three water molecules (i.e., at n = 3), which leads to an obvious deviation in the evolution of the clusters. Such electron transfer behavior was noticed at n = 1 in monomer MgCl2(H2O)n-, indicating that the dimerization between two MgCl2 molecules can make the cluster more capable of binding electron. In neutral (MgCl2)2(H2O)n, this dimerization provides more sites for the added water molecules, which can stabilize the entire cluster and maintain its initial structure. Specifically, filling the coordination number to be 6 for Mg atoms can be seen as a link between structural preferences in the dissolution of the monomers, dimers, and extended bulk-state of MgCl2. This work represents an important step forward into fully understanding the solvation of MgCl2 crystals and other multivalent salt oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Wei
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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4
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van der Linde C, Ončák M, Cunningham EM, Tang WK, Siu CK, Beyer MK. Surface or Internal Hydration - Does It Really Matter? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:337-354. [PMID: 36744598 PMCID: PMC9983018 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The precise location of an ion or electron, whether it is internally solvated or residing on the surface of a water cluster, remains an intriguing question. Subtle differences in the hydrogen bonding network may lead to a preference for one or the other. Here we discuss spectroscopic probes of the structure of gas-phase hydrated ions in combination with quantum chemistry, as well as H/D exchange as a means of structure elucidation. With the help of nanocalorimetry, we look for thermochemical signatures of surface vs internal solvation. Examples of strongly size-dependent reactivity are reviewed which illustrate the influence of surface vs internal solvation on unimolecular rearrangements of the cluster, as well as on the rate and product distribution of ion-molecule reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian van der Linde
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ethan M. Cunningham
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Institute
of Research Management and Services (IPPP), Research and Innovation
Management Complex, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department
of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Gong SY, Xu HG, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Comparison of the Microsolvation of CaX 2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) in Water: Size-Selected Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3288-3306. [PMID: 33872010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the microsolvation of alkaline-earth dihalides in water and provide information about the dependence of solvation processes on different halides, we investigated CaBr2(H2O)n-, CaI2(H2O)n-, and CaF2(H2O)n- (n = 0-6) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and conducted theoretical calculations on these clusters and their neutrals. The results are compared with those of CaCl2(H2O)n-/0 clusters reported previously. It is found that the vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of CaCl2(H2O)n-, CaBr2(H2O)n-, and CaI2(H2O)n- show a similar trend with increasing cluster size, while the VDEs of CaF2(H2O)n- show a different trend. The VDEs of CaF2(H2O)n- are much lower than those of CaCl2(H2O)n-, CaBr2(H2O)n-, and CaI2(H2O)n-. A detailed probing of the structures shows that a significant increase of the Ca-X distance (separation of Ca2+-X- ion pair) in CaCl2(H2O)n-/0, CaBr2(H2O)n-/0, and CaI2(H2O)n-/0 clusters occurred at about n = 5. However, for CaF2(H2O)n-/0, no abrupt change of the Ca-F distance with the increasing cluster size has been observed. In CaCl2(H2O)6-/0, CaBr2(H2O)6-/0, and CaI2(H2O)6-/0, the Ca atom coordinates directly with 5 H2O molecules. However, in CaF2(H2O)n-/0, the Ca atom coordinates directly with only 2 or 3 H2O molecules. The similarity or differences in the structures and coordination numbers are consistent with the fact that CaCl2, CaBr2, and CaI2 have similar solubility, while CaF2 has much lower solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shi-Yan Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Xu HG, Farooq U, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Hydration processes of barium chloride: Size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of BaCl 2-water clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134301. [PMID: 33032412 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the hydration processes of BaCl2, we investigated BaCl2(H2O)n - (n = 0-5) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The structures of neutral BaCl2(H2O)n clusters up to n = 8 were also investigated by theoretical calculations. It is found that in BaCl2(H2O)n -/0, the Ba-Cl distances increase very slowly with the cluster size. The hydration process is not able to induce the breaking of a Ba-Cl bond in the cluster size range (n = 0-8) studied in this work. In small BaCl2(H2O)n clusters with n ≤ 5, the Ba atom has a coordination number of n + 2; however, in BaCl2(H2O)6-8 clusters, the Ba atom coordinates with two Cl atoms and (n - 1) water molecules, and it has a coordination number of n + 1. Unlike the previously studied MgCl2(H2O)n - and CaCl2(H2O)n -, negative charge-transfer-to-solvent behavior has not been observed for BaCl2(H2O)n -, and the excess electron of BaCl2(H2O)n - is mainly localized on the Ba atom rather on the water molecules. No observation of Ba2+-Cl- separation in current work is consistent with the lower solubility of BaCl2 compared to MgCl2 and CaCl2. Considering the BaCl2/H2O mole ratio in the saturated solution, one would expect that about 20-30 H2O molecules are needed to break the first Ba-Cl bond in BaCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Pérez de Tudela R, Marx D. Generating Excess Protons in Microsolvated Acid Clusters under Ambient Conditions: An Issue of Configurational Entropy versus Internal Energy. Chemistry 2020; 26:11955-11959. [PMID: 32080914 PMCID: PMC7540491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acid dissociation, and thus liberation of excess protons in small water droplets, impacts on diverse fields such as interstellar, atmospheric or environmental chemistry. At cryogenic temperatures below 1 K, it is now well established that as few as four water molecules suffice to dissociate the generic strong acid HCl, yet temperature-driven recombination sets in simply upon heating that cluster. Here, the fundamental question is posed of how many more water molecules are required to stabilize a hydrated excess proton at room temperature. Ab initio path integral simulations disclose that not five, but six water molecules are needed at 300 K to allow for HCl dissociation independently from nuclear quantum effects. In order to provide the molecular underpinnings of these observations, the classical and quantum free energy profiles were decomposed along the dissociation coordinate in terms of the corresponding internal energy and entropy profiles. What decides in the end about acid dissociation, and thus ion pair formation, in a specific microsolvated water cluster at room temperature is found to be a fierce competition between classical configurational entropy and internal energy, where the former stabilizes the undissociated state whereas the latter favors dissociation. It is expected that these are generic findings with broad implications on acid-base chemistry depending on temperature in small water assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum44780BochumGermany
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8
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On the ion‐pair dissociation mechanisms in the small NaCl·(H
2
O)
6
cluster: A perspective from reaction path search calculations. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1835-1842. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Hou GL, Liu CW, Li RZ, Xu HG, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Emergence of Solvent-Separated Na +-Cl - Ion Pair in Salt Water: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:13-20. [PMID: 27935718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Solvation of salts in water is a fundamental physical chemical process, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the contact ion pair (CIP) to solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) transition in NaCl(H2O)n clusters with anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. It is found that the SSIP type of structures show up at n = 2 for NaCl-(H2O)n anions. For neutral NaCl(H2O)n, the CIP structures are dominant at n < 9. At n = 9-12, the CIP structures and SSIP structures of NaCl(H2O)n are nearly degenerate in energy, coincident to the H2O:NaCl molar ratio of NaCl saturated solution and implying that the CIP and SSIP structures can coexist in concentrated solutions. These results are useful for understanding the solvation of salts at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lei Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ren-Zhong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Tandy J, Feng C, Boatwright A, Sarma G, Sadoon AM, Shirley A, Das Neves Rodrigues N, Cunningham EM, Yang S, Ellis AM. Communication: Infrared spectroscopy of salt-water complexes. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:121103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4945342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Tandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Boatwright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Gautam Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. Sadoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Shirley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ethan M. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shengfu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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11
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Wang Y, Bowman JM, Kamarchik E. Five ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces for hydrated NaCl and NaF. I. Two-body interactions. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:114311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4943580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Joel M. Bowman
- Department of Chemistry, Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eugene Kamarchik
- Quantum Pomegranate, LLC, 2604 Kings Lake Court NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30345, USA
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12
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Vargas-Caamal A, Cabellos JL, Ortiz-Chi F, Rzepa HS, Restrepo A, Merino G. How Many Water Molecules Does it Take to Dissociate HCl? Chemistry 2016; 22:2812-8. [PMID: 26774026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of the HCl(H2O)n (n is the number of water molecules) clusters are systematically explored using density functional theory and high-level ab initio computations. On the basis of electronic energies, the number of water molecules needed for HCl dissociation is four as reported by some experimental groups. However, this number is five owing to the inclusion of entropic factors. Wiberg bond indices are calculated and analyzed, and the results provide a quadratic correlation and classification of clusters according to the nondissociated, partially dissociated, and fully dissociated character of the H-Cl bond. Our computations show that if temperature is not controlled during the experiment, the values obtained for the dipole moment (or for any measurable property) are susceptible to change, providing a different picture of the number of water molecules needed for HCl dissociation in a nanoscopic droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Vargas-Caamal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Filiberto Ortiz-Chi
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, Av. Ah-Canul s/n, Carr. Fed. Calkiní-Campeche, CP, 24900, Calkiní, Campeche, México
| | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México.
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13
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Iwahara J, Esadze A, Zandarashvili L. Physicochemical Properties of Ion Pairs of Biological Macromolecules. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2435-63. [PMID: 26437440 PMCID: PMC4693242 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion pairs (also known as salt bridges) of electrostatically interacting cationic and anionic moieties are important for proteins and nucleic acids to perform their function. Although numerous three-dimensional structures show ion pairs at functionally important sites of biological macromolecules and their complexes, the physicochemical properties of the ion pairs are not well understood. Crystal structures typically show a single state for each ion pair. However, recent studies have revealed the dynamic nature of the ion pairs of the biological macromolecules. Biomolecular ion pairs undergo dynamic transitions between distinct states in which the charged moieties are either in direct contact or separated by water. This dynamic behavior is reasonable in light of the fundamental concepts that were established for small ions over the last century. In this review, we introduce the physicochemical concepts relevant to the ion pairs and provide an overview of the recent advancement in biophysical research on the ion pairs of biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Iwahara
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Alexandre Esadze
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Levani Zandarashvili
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Zeng Z, Hou GL, Song J, Feng G, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Microsolvation of LiBO2 in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9135-47. [PMID: 25758204 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microsolvation of LiBO2 in water was investigated by conducting anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio studies on the LiBO2(H2O)n(-) (n = 0-5) clusters. By comparing calculations with experiments, the structures of these clusters and their corresponding neutrals were assigned, and their structural evolutions were revealed. During the anionic structural evolution with n increasing to 5, hydroxyborate and metaborate channels were identified and the metaborate channel is more favorable. For the hydroxyborate structures, the anionic Li(+)-BO2(-) ion pair reacts with a water molecule to produce the LiBO(OH)2(-) moiety and three water molecules tend to dissolve this moiety. In the metaborate channel, two types of solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) geometries were determined as the ring-type and linear-type. The transition from the contact ion pair (CIP) to the ring-type of SSIP starts at n = 3, while that to the linear-type of SSIP occurs at n = 4. In neutral LiBO2(H2O)n clusters, the first water molecule prefers to react with the Li(+)-BO2(-) ion pair to generate the LiBO(OH)2 moiety, analogous to the bulk crystal phase of α-LiBO2 with two O atoms substituted by two OH groups. The Li-O distance in the LiBO(OH)2 moiety increases with the increasing number of water molecules and elongates abruptly at n = 4. Our studies provide new insight into the initial dissolution of LiBO2 salt in water at the molecular level and may be correlated to the bulk state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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15
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Feng G, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zeng Z, Zheng WJ. On the dissolution of lithium sulfate in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5624-31. [PMID: 25623553 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial dissolution steps of lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) in water were investigated by performing anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations on the Li2SO4(H2O)n(-) (n = 0-5) clusters. The plausible structures of these clusters and the corresponding neutral clusters were obtained using LC-ωPBE/6-311++G(d,p) calculations by comparing the experimental and theoretical vertical electron detachment energies. Two types of structures for bare Li2SO4(-/0) were found: a turtle-shaped structure and a propeller-shaped structure. For Li2SO4(H2O)n(-) cluster anions with n = 1-3, two kinds of isomers derived from the turtle-shaped and propeller-shaped structures of bare Li2SO4(-) were identified. For n = 4-5, these two kinds of isomers present similar structural and energetic features and thus are not distinguishable. For the anionic clusters the water molecules prefer to firstly interact with one Li atom until fully coordinating it. While for the neutral clusters, the water molecules interact with the two Li atoms alternately, therefore, showing a pairwise solvation behavior. The Li-S distance increases smoothly upon addition of water molecules one by one. Addition of five water molecules to Li2SO4 cannot induce the dissociation of one Li(+) ion because the water molecules are shared by two Li(+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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16
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Liu CW, Hou GL, Zheng WJ, Gao YQ. Adsorption of water molecules on sodium chloride trimer. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Liu CW, Wang F, Yang L, Li XZ, Zheng WJ, Gao YQ. Stable Salt–Water Cluster Structures Reflect the Delicate Competition between Ion–Water and Water–Water Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:743-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wen Liu
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- School
of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Ru Q, Fadda HM, Li C, Paul D, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Zloh M. Molecular dynamic simulations of ocular tablet dissolution. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:3000-8. [PMID: 24073784 DOI: 10.1021/ci4002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small tablets for implantation into the subconjunctival space in the eye are being developed to inhibit scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). There is a need to evaluate drug dissolution at the molecular level to determine how the chemical structure of the active may correlate with dissolution in the nonsink conditions of the conjunctival space. We conducted molecular dynamics simulations to study the dissolution process of tablets derived from two drugs that can inhibit fibrosis after GFS, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor (MMPi), ilomastat. The dissolution was simulated in the presence of simple point charge (SPC) water molecules, and the liquid turnover of the aqueous humor in the subconjunctival space was simulated by removal of the dissolved drug molecules at regular intervals and replacement by new water molecules. At the end of the simulation, the total molecular solvent accessible surface area of 5-FU tablets increased by 60 times more than that of ilomastat as a result of tablet swelling and release of molecules into solution. The tablet dissolution pattern shown in our molecular dynamic simulations tends to correlate with experimental release profiles. This work indicates that a series of molecular dynamic simulations can be used to predict the influence of the molecular properties of a drug on its dissolution profile and could be useful during preformulation where sufficient amounts of the drug are not always available to perform dissolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ru
- UCL School of Pharmacy , 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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19
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Li RZ, Liu CW, Gao YQ, Jiang H, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Microsolvation of LiI and CsI in Water: Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and ab initio Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5190-9. [PMID: 23432353 DOI: 10.1021/ja4006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Zhong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Ghosh MK, Re S, Feig M, Sugita Y, Choi CH. Interionic Hydration Structures of NaCl in Aqueous Solution: A Combined Study of Quantum Mechanical Cluster Calculations and QM/EFP-MD Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:289-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308731z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manik K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and
Green-Nano Materials Research Center, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Suyong Re
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute,
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michael Feig
- Chemistry and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuji Sugita
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute,
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry and
Green-Nano Materials Research Center, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
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21
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Zidi ZS. On the stability of ion water clusters at atmospheric conditions: Open system Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:124107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4754528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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22
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Mizoguchi A, Ohshima Y, Endo Y. The study for the incipient solvation process of NaCl in water: The observation of the NaCl–(H2O)n (n = 1, 2, and 3) complexes using Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:064307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3616047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Feng Y, Cheng M, Kong XY, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Microscopic solvation of NaBO2 in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15865-72. [PMID: 21814667 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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24
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Donald WA, Demireva M, Leib RD, Aiken MJ, Williams ER. Electron Hydration and Ion−Electron Pairs in Water Clusters Containing Trivalent Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4633-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9079385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Ryan D. Leib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - M. Jeannette Aiken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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25
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Liu LM, Krack M, Michaelides A. Interfacial water: A first principles molecular dynamics study of a nanoscale water film on salt. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:234702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3152845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Studying metal ion solvation, especially hydration, in the gas phase has developed into a field that is dominated by a tight interaction between experiment and theory. Since the studied species carry charge, mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in all experiments. Whereas gas-phase coordination chemistry and reactions of bare metal ions are reasonably well understood, systems containing a larger number of solvent molecules are still difficult to understand. This review focuses on the rich chemistry of hydrated metal ions in the gas phase, covering coordination chemistry, charge separation in multiply charged systems, as well as intracluster and ion-molecule reactions. Key ideas of metal ion solvation in the gas phase are illustrated with rare-gas solvated metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C4, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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