1
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Cole TA, Davis SR, Flint AR, Fortenberry RC. Bridging the gap: viable reaction pathways from tetrahedrane to benzyne. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12510-12519. [PMID: 38619071 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The addition of sp-carbon-containing molecules to polycyclic sp3 tetrahedrane (c-C4H4) results in the formation of both o-benzyne (c-C6H4) and benzene (c-C6H6). Since both c-C6H4 and c-C6H6 have been detected in the interstellar medium (ISM), providing additional pathways for their possible astrochemical formation mechanisms can lead to the discovery of other molecules, such as c-C4H4, benzvalyne, and vinylidene (:CCH2). Addition of diatomic carbon (C2), the ethynyl radical (C2H), vinylidene, and acetylene (HCCH) to c-C4H4 is undertaken in individual pathways through high-level quantum chemical computations at the CCSD(T)-F12b/cc-pVTZ-F12 level of theory. The resulting C2 addition pathway proceeds barrierlessly through benzvalyne as an intermediate and reaches a true minimum at c-C6H4, but no leaving groups are produced which is required to dissipate excess energy within an interstellar chemical scheme. Similarly, the C2H addition to c-C4H4 produces benzvalyne as well as its related isomers. This pathway allows for the loss of a hydrogen leaving group to dissipate the resulting energy. Lastly, the HCCH and :CCH2 addition pathways follow through both benzvalene and benzvalyne in order to reach c-C6H6 (benzene) and c-C6H4 (o-benzyne) as well as H2 as the required leaving group. Although there is a barrier to the HCCH addition, the :CCH2 addition presents the contrary with only submerged barriers. These proposed mechanisms provide alternative possibilities for the formation of complex organic molecules in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
| | - Steven R Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
| | - Athena R Flint
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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2
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Wang J, Marks JH, Eckhardt AK, Kaiser RI. Bottom-Up Formation of Antiaromatic Cyclobutadiene ( c-C 4H 4) in Interstellar Ice Analogs. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1211-1217. [PMID: 38272465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Antiaromatic cyclobutadiene (c-C4H4) is the simplest prototype of [n]annulenes and a key reactive intermediate with significant ring strain, serving as the model compound for antiaromatic systems in organic chemistry. Here, we report the first bottom-up formation of cyclobutadiene in low-temperature acetylene (C2H2) ices exposed to energetic electrons. Cyclobutadiene was isolated and detected in the gas phase upon sublimation utilizing vacuum ultraviolet photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry along with ultraviolet photolysis studies. These findings advance our fundamental understanding of the exotic chemistry and preparation of highly strained antiaromatic cycles through non-equilibrium chemistry in interstellar environments, thus affording a possible route for the formation of highly strained molecules such as the hitherto elusive tetrahedrane (C4H4). Because acetylene is a major product of the photolysis and radiolysis of methane (CH4) ice, an abundant component of interstellar ices, our results suggest that cyclobutadiene can likely be formed in methane-rich ices of cold molecular clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - André K Eckhardt
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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3
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Sun Q, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Molecular pyramids - from tetrahedranes to [6]pyramidanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:732-746. [PMID: 37612459 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of 3D architectures at a molecular scale has fascinated chemists for generations. This includes molecular pyramids with all-carbon frameworks, such as trigonal, tetragonal and pentagonal pyramidal geometries. A small number of substituted tetrahedranes and all-carbon [4]-[5]pyramidanes have been experimentally generated and studied. Although the hypothetical unsubstituted parent [3]-[6]pyramidanes have only been explored computationally, the formal replacement of carbon vertices with isolobal main group element fragments has provided a number of examples of stable hetero[m]pyramidanes, which have been isolated and amply characterized. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and chemical properties of [3]-[6]pyramidanes and summarize the progress in the development of chemistry of pyramid-shaped molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Rosenberg M, Brinker UH. Carbene Routes to Cyclopropatetrahedrane. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16902-16906. [PMID: 36446051 PMCID: PMC9764353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cyclopropatetrahedrane (tetracyclo[2.1.0.01,3.02,4]pentane) via four different carbene reactions is computed using the (U)CCSD(T)(full)/cc-pVTZ//(U)ωB97X-D/cc-pVTZ + 1.3686(EZPVE) theoretical model. Intrinsic reaction coordinate plots confirm that each carbene is directly linked to cyclopropatetrahedrane via a unique cyclopropanation step. Each elementary step is assessed according to the structure and energy of its transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray
G. Rosenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, The State University of New
York at Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, United States
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, The State University of New
York at Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, United States
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5
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Westbrook B, Beasley G, Fortenberry RC. Polycyclic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Is Tetrahedrane Present in UIR Spectra? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14348-14353. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The smallest Platonic hydrocarbon, tetrahedrane, has been subject to frequent theoretical and experimental study for 50 years, but its infrared spectrum and synthetic pathway remain a mystery. The recent partial...
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6
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Riu MLY, Ye M, Cummins CC. Alleviating Strain in Organic Molecules by Incorporation of Phosphorus: Synthesis of Triphosphatetrahedrane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16354-16357. [PMID: 34606717 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatetrahedranes (tBuCP)2 and (tBuC)3P were recently reported and represent the first tetrahedranes containing a mixed carbon/phosphorus core. Herein, we report that tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions of the parent triphosphatetrahedrane HCP3 may be generated in 31% yield (NMR internal standard yield) by combining [Na(THF)3][P3Nb(ODipp)3] (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), INb(ODipp)3(THF), and bromodichloromethane in thawing THF. While HCP3 was found to be stable in dilute THF solutions for extended periods of time, the concentration of the solution at -40 °C led to the formation of a black precipitate, which has been tentatively assigned as a polymerized form of HCP3. HCP3 reacts readily with (dppe)Fe(Cp*)Cl (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Cp*= η5-C5Me5) in the presence of Na[BPh4] to form a purple cationic iron complex of triphosphatetrahedrane (50% yield), which was structurally characterized in a single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. Additionally, we present a series of homodesmotic equations analyzed via quantum chemical calculations that suggest triphosphatetrahedrane is the least strained of the mixed C/P phosphatetrahedranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Louis Y Riu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mengshan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Wolf ME, Doty EA, Turney JM, Schaefer Iii HF. Highly Strained Pn(CH) 3 (Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Tetrahedranes: Theoretical Characterization. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2612-2621. [PMID: 33730491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental research by Cummins and co-workers has established the existence of a tetrahedrane molecule with one CH moiety replaced by phosphorus. We present here the first theoretical studies of the entire Pn(CH)3 (Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi) class of molecules. Geometries are obtained at the highly reliable CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pwCVTZ(-PP) level of theory. Harmonic vibrational frequencies are determined and analyzed to confirm the nature of each stationary point and provide helpful findings that may aid in the detection of each species. Most notable is the result that the geometric parameters associated with the (CH)3 moiety in the tetrahedranes exhibit little change under pnictogen substitution, while the Pn-C bonds and C-Pn-C bond angles greatly increase and decrease, respectively. Strain energies are predicted and range from 122.3 kcal mol-1 (N(CH)3) to 99.4 kcal mol-1 (Bi(CH)3) at the DF-CCSD(T)//B3LYP-D3/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z(-PP) level of theory. The obtained geometries are further analyzed with Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) methods to understand the bonding and electronic structure of each species. We also provide insight into how different substituents can help make the tetrahedrane structure more energetically favorable due to electron delocalization into substituent antibonding orbitals. The effect of additional delocalization also weakens the Pn-C bonds, especially for the heavier pnictogens. This work concludes with a list of considerations that summarize our key findings and motivate future work aimed at producing novel pnictogen-substituted tetrahedrane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Doty
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Calvin University, 3201 Burton SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer Iii
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jupp
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam Niederlande
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam Niederlande
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9
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Abstract
P-yramids: Tetrahedranes are highly strained molecules, and the all-carbon (CtBu)4 and all-phosphorus species P4 have been known for decades and centuries, respectively. Despite this, the mixed P/C tetrahedranes were unknown until recently when the syntheses of the phosphatetrahedranes P(CtBu)3 and P2 (CtBu)2 were reported by the research groups of Cummins and Wolf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jupp
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Riu MLY, Jones RL, Transue WJ, Müller P, Cummins CC. Isolation of an elusive phosphatetrahedrane. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3168. [PMID: 32232162 PMCID: PMC7096166 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory synthesis investigation was undertaken to determine the viability of replacing a single carbon vertex with another p-block element in a highly strained tetrahedrane molecule. Phosphorus was selected for this purpose because the stable molecular form of elemental phosphorus is tetrahedral. Our synthetic strategy was to generate an unsaturated phosphorus center bonded to a substituted cyclopropenyl group, a situation that could lead to closure to provide the desired phosphatetrahedrane framework. This was accomplished by dehydrofluorination of the in situ generated fluorophosphine H(F)P(C t Bu)3. Tri-tert-butyl phosphatetrahedrane, P(C t Bu)3, was then isolated in 19% yield as a low-melting, volatile, colorless solid and characterized spectroscopically and by a single-crystal x-ray diffraction study, confirming the tetrahedral nature of the molecule's PC3 core. The molecule exhibits unexpected thermal stability.
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11
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Hierlmeier G, Coburger P, Bodensteiner M, Wolf R. Di‐
tert
‐butyldiphosphatetrahedran: Katalytische Synthese des freien Phosphaalkin‐Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Universität RegensburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Peter Coburger
- Universität RegensburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Universität RegensburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Robert Wolf
- Universität RegensburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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12
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Hierlmeier G, Coburger P, Bodensteiner M, Wolf R. Di-tert-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane: Catalytic Synthesis of the Elusive Phosphaalkyne Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16918-16922. [PMID: 31591760 PMCID: PMC6899750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While tetrahedranes as a family are scarce, neutral heteroatomic species are all but unknown, with the only reported example being AsP3. Herein, we describe the isolation of a neutral heteroatomic X2Y2 molecular tetrahedron (X, Y=p‐block elements), which also is the long‐sought‐after free phosphaalkyne dimer. Di‐tert‐butyldiphosphatetrahedrane, (tBuCP)2, is formed from the monomer tBuCP in a nickel‐catalyzed dimerization reaction using [(NHC)Ni(CO)3] (NHC=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IMes) and 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IPr)). Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination of a silver(I) complex confirms the structure of (tBuCP)2. The influence of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand on the catalytic reaction was investigated, and a mechanism was elucidated using a combination of synthetic and kinetic studies and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Coburger
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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14
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Liptrot DJ, Power PP. London dispersion forces in sterically crowded inorganic and organometallic molecules. Nat Rev Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Pratik SM, Nijamudheen A, Datta A. Topochemical Transformations of CaX2(X=C, Si, Ge) to Form Free-Standing Two-Dimensional Materials. Chemistry 2015; 21:18454-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Araújo DM, da Costa TF, Firme CL. Validation of the recently developed aromaticity index D3BIA for benzenoid systems. Case study: acenes. J Mol Model 2015; 21:248. [PMID: 26330174 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are four types of aromaticity criteria: energetic, electronic, magnetic and geometric. The delocalization, density and degeneracy-based index of aromaticity, D3BIA, is an electronic aromaticity index from QTAIM that is not reference dependent and can be used for aromatic, homoaromatic, sigma aromatic and other aromatic systems with varying ring size containing hetereoatoms or not. We used B3LYP, MP2 and MP3 methods to search for linear relations between well-known aromaticity indices and D3BIA for a series of acenes. We found that the D3BIA versus FLU correlation exceeded 91 % and reasonably good correlations exist between D3BIA and HOMA and between D3BIA and PDI. Previous works have shown that D3BIA can be used for homoaromatic systems and tetrahedrane derivatives (sigma aromaticity), but no previous work has validated D3BIA for benzenoid systems. This is the first time we have shown that D3BIA can be used successfully for benzenoid systems, for example, acenes. This work supports and validates the use of D3BIA in classical aromatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diógenes Mendes Araújo
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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17
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Qu Z, Yang C, Liu C. Photoisomerization of silyl-substituted cyclobutadiene induced by σ → π* excitation: a computational study. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:442-51. [PMID: 25534607 DOI: 10.1021/jp503220q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical processes upon Franck-Condon (FC) excitation in tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-cyclobutadiene (TMS-CBD) have been investigated through the exploration of potential energy surface crossings among several low-lying excited states using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method. Vertical excitation energies are also computed with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster model with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD) as well as the multireference Møller-Plesset (MRMP) methods. Upon finding an excellent coincidence between the computational results and experimental observations, it is suggested that the Franck-Condon excited state does not correspond to the first π-π* single excitation state (S1, 1(1)B1 state in terms of D2 symmetry), but to the second (1)B1 state (S3), which is characterized as a σ-π* single excitation state. Starting from the Franck-Condon region, a series of conical intersections (CIs) are located along one isomerization channel and one dissociation channel. Through the isomerization channel, TMS-CBD is transformed to tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-tetrahedrane (TMS-THD), and this isomerization process could take place by passing through a "tetra form" conical intersection. On the other hand, the dissociation channel yielding two bis(trimethylsilyl)-acetylene (TMS-Ac) molecules through further stretching of the longer C-C bonds might be more competitive than the isomerization channel after excitation into S3 state. This mechanistic picture is in good agreement with recently reported experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexing Qu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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18
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Experimental and theoretical studies into the formation of C4-C6 products in partially chlorinated hydrocarbon pyrolysis systems: a probabilistic approach to congener-specific yield predictions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8644-63. [PMID: 25225996 DOI: 10.1021/jp5015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a study of the pyrolytic formation of vinylacetylene and benzene congeners formed from chlorinated hydrocarbon precursors, a complex, multipath polymerization system formed in a monomer-rich environment. (Co-)pyrolyses of dichloro- and trichloroethylene yield a rich array of products, and assuming a single dominant underlying growth mechanism, this (on comparing expected and observed products) allows a number of potentially competing channels to C4 and C6 products to be ruled out. Poor congener/isomer descriptions rule out even-carbon radical routes, and the absence of C3 and C5 products rule out odd-carbon processes. Vinylidenes appear unable to describe the increased reactivity of acetylenes with chlorination noted in our experiments, leaving molecular acetylene dimerization processes and, in C6 systems, the closely related Diels-Alder cyclization as the likely reaction mechanism. The feasibility of these routes is further supported by ab initio calculations. However, some of the most persuasive evidence is provided by congener-specific yield predictions enabled by the construction of a probability tree analogue of kinetic modeling. This approach is relatively quick to construct, provides surprisingly accurate predictions, and may be a very useful tool in screening for important reaction channels in poorly understood congener- or isomer-rich reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J McIntosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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19
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Azpiroz JM, Islas R, Moreno D, Fernández-Herrera MA, Pan S, Chattaraj PK, Martínez-Guajardo G, Ugalde JM, Merino G. Carbo-Cages: A Computational Study. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5463-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Azpiroz
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Rafael Islas
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Diego Moreno
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - María A. Fernández-Herrera
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Sudip Pan
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Pratim K. Chattaraj
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Gerardo Martínez-Guajardo
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
- Unidad
Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Área de Ciencias
de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Km. 6 carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara
s/n, Ejido La Escondida C. P. 98160, Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | - Jesus M. Ugalde
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
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Kobayashi Y, Nakamoto M, Inagaki Y, Sekiguchi A. Cross-coupling reaction of a highly strained molecule: synthesis of σ-π conjugated tetrahedranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10740-4. [PMID: 24038655 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 (Japan) http://www.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp/sekiguch/
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Kobayashi Y, Nakamoto M, Inagaki Y, Sekiguchi A. Cross-Coupling Reaction of a Highly Strained Molecule: Synthesis of σ-π Conjugated Tetrahedranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Legrand YM, Dumitrescu D, Gilles A, Petit E, van der Lee A, Barboiu M. A constrained disorder refinement: "Reinvestigation of "Single-crystal X-ray structure of 1,3-dimethylcyclobutadiene" by M. Shatruk and I. V. Alabugin". Chemistry 2013; 19:4946-50. [PMID: 23504770 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Shatruk and Alabugin propose an alternative structural model for the observed electron density that we have attributed to the photochemical formation of 1,3-dimethylcyclobutadiene in a protective solid crystalline matrix. The main criticism from Shatruk and Alabugin concerns the modeling of the disorder in the calixarene cavity and in particular the neglect of a residual electron density close to the O1 atom. We published (Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 10021) our opinion concerning this "ignored peak" in the Supporting Information of the paper. The current response to the Correspondence demonstrates that Shatruk and Alabugin have over-modeled our data by assigning a small electron density peak, which is hardly more than the density corresponding to a hydrogen atom, to an under-occupied oxygen site, using inappropriate refinement contraints.
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Toyota S, Kawai K, Iwanaga T, Wakamatsu K. Tolanophane Revisited - Resolution and Racemization Mechanism of a Twisted Chiral Aromatic Compound. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Rayne S, Forest K. Isomerization energies of tetrahedranes to 1,3-cyclobutadienes: A challenge for theoretical methods. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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25
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Ivanov AS, Bozhenko KV, Boldyrev AI. Peculiar Transformations in the CxHxP4–x (x = 0–4) Series. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 8:135-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200727z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Ivanov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Konstantin V. Bozhenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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Inagaki Y, Nakamoto M, Sekiguchi A. Photoisomerization of Perfluoroaryltetrahedranes to Perfluoroarylcyclobutadienes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16436-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208354x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Legrand YM, Gilles A, Petit E, van der Lee A, Barboiu M. Unprecedented Synthesis of 1,3-Dimethylcyclobutadiene in the Solid State and Aqueous Solution. Chemistry 2011; 17:10021-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Ochiai T, Nakamoto M, Inagaki Y, Sekiguchi A. Sulfur-Substituted Tetrahedranes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11504-7. [PMID: 21728313 DOI: 10.1021/ja205361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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29
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Hirao H. Correlation diagram approach as a tool for interpreting chemistry: an introductory overview. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Haunschild R, Frenking G. Tetrahedranes. A theoretical study of singlet E4H4 molecules (E = C–Pb and B–Tl). Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802680505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Damrauer R. Interactions of Tetrahedrane and Tetrasilatetrahedrane with CH2and SiH2: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Damrauer
- Chemistry Department, Denver Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Box 194, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, Colorado 80217-3364
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32
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Menke JL, Patterson EV, McMahon RJ. Effects of Cyano Substituents on Cyclobutadiene and Its Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6431-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101963p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Menke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1322, Department of Chemistry, Truman State University, 100 Normal Avenue, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501-4200
| | - Eric V. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1322, Department of Chemistry, Truman State University, 100 Normal Avenue, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501-4200
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1322, Department of Chemistry, Truman State University, 100 Normal Avenue, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501-4200
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Ionkin AS, Marshall WJ, Fish BM, Schiffhauer MF, Davidson F, McEwen CN. Highly Unsaturated Phosphorus Compounds: Generation and Reactions on Both Multiple Bonds of Vinyl Phosphaalkyne. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om801224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Ionkin
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500
| | - William J. Marshall
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500
| | - Brian M. Fish
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500
| | - Matthew F. Schiffhauer
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500
| | - Fredric Davidson
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500
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Nakamoto M, Inagaki Y, Nishina M, Sekiguchi A. Perfluoroaryltetrahedranes: Tetrahedranes with Extended σ−π Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3172-3. [PMID: 19226138 DOI: 10.1021/ja810055w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Motoaki Nishina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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35
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Langer P, Amiri S, Bodtke A, Saleh NNR, Weisz K, Görls H, Schreiner PR. 3,5,7,9-Substituted Hexaazaacridines: Toward Structures with Nearly Degenerate Singlet−Triplet Energy Separations. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5048-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Shadi Amiri
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Nehad N. R. Saleh
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Klaus Weisz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
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